1. Clinical Neuroscience By Kelly Lambert and Craig Howard Kinsley

2. Chapter 7 Overview  Review Concepts: Brain imaging techniques (from Ch. 1) Neuroplasticity  Brain injuries Traumatic Brain Injury (rapid onset) Chronic Brain damage (long-term onset)  For each injury, we’ll discuss: Causes Effects Treatment methods Future Prospects Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 72

3. Connections  Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can strike anyone Bob Woodruff, ABC News reporter, wounded in Iraq.  Recovery can be improved by a variety of factors: Education Enriched environment Neural reserves Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 73

4. Traumatic Brain Injury Causes and Consequences  Generally considered a result of impact to the skull Other causes  Human cost: 50,000-80,000 deaths annually 235,000 hospitalizations annually ~ 5 million Americans suffering lasting effects  Financial cost: $150,000 non-medical costs Fatalities cost ~$450,000/case Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 74

5. Traumatic Brain Injury Who’s at risk?  Individuals: 15-24 years old Over 64 years old Men People consuming alcohol Athletes Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 75

6. Traumatic Brain Injury Effects  Primary Axon Shearing Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Contusion  Secondary Effects Ionic flux Hyperglycolysis EAAs Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 76

7. Traumatic Brain Injury Treatments  Glasgow Coma Scale Initial assessment  Surgery Hematomas Depressed Skull fractures  Pharmacological Intervention Cognitive impairment ○ Dopamine ○ Acetylcholine Depression ○ Serotonergic pathway Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 77

8. Traumatic Brain Injury Treatments  Progesterone Therapy Don Stein’s work with mother rats  Cognitive Rehabilitation Yeshuda Ben-Yishay Holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation program  Constraint-induced movement therapy  Environmental Enrichment General Enrichment Physical exercise Formal motor training Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 78

9. Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention  TBI is very common and preventable through: 1. Education 2. Enactment of safety laws 3. Enforcement of safety laws Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 79

10. Parkinson’s Disease Causes and Consequences  Degeneration of the dopaminergic pathways in the substantia nigra  Parellel deficits in other neurotransmitter pathways Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 710

11. Parkinson’s Disease Treatments  Surgery Thalamotomy Pallidotomy  Pharmacological intervention Levodopa (l-dopa) Decarboxylase inhibitor Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 711

12. Parkinson’s Disease Treatments/Future Directions  Surgery (again!) Deep Brain Stimulation Transplantation of dopaminergic neurons (stem cells)  Neuroprotection? Identification of early symptoms Treatment before completely realized  Michael J. Fox Foundation Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 712

13. Summary 13Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7