6.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software HARDWARE AND.

6.2 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to manage its information and conduct business transactions?What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to manage its information and conduct business transactions? What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization?What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization? What kinds of software do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our software?What kinds of software do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our software? continued OBJECTIVES

6.3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software How do we stay current on new software? How do we know that it would benefit our organization?How do we stay current on new software? How do we know that it would benefit our organization? How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets?How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets? OBJECTIVES (continued)

6.5 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 1.The centralization versus decentralization debate 2.The application backlog MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

6.6 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System InfrastructureInfrastructure –Physical hardware required to interconnect computers and users –Includes hardware, software, data, and networking technologies ComputerComputer –Physical device that takes data as an input, transforms the data by executing stored instructions, and outputs information

6.7 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System

6.8 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System BitBit –Binary digit –Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 ByteByte –String of bits, usually eight –Stores one number or character

6.10 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System The CPU and Primary Storage Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU) –Manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters –Controls other parts of the computer system Primary StoragePrimary Storage –Temporarily stores program instructions and data being used by the instructions Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) –Performs the computer’s logic and arithmetic operations

6.11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System The CPU and Primary Storage Control UnitControl Unit –Controls and coordinates the other parts of the computer system Machine CycleMachine Cycle –Series of operations needed to process a single machine instruction

6.13 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System Primary StoragePrimary Storage –Stores Software program being executedSoftware program being executed Operating system programsOperating system programs Data being used by programData being used by program –Internal Primary Storage is called RAM (Random Access Memory) –Computer storage is measured in bytes

6.15 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System RAM (Random Access Memory)RAM (Random Access Memory) –Volatile –Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time ROM (Read Only Memory)ROM (Read Only Memory) –Nonvolatile –Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written to

6.16 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Processing Microprocessors and Processing Power –Very large scale integrated circuit technology –Integrates the computer’s memory, logic, and control on a single chipMegahertz –A measure of cycle speed –One megahertz = one million cycles per second 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.17 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Processing RISC –Reduced Instruction Set Computing Technology to enhance the speed of microprocessorsTechnology to enhance the speed of microprocessors Only the most frequently used instructions on a chipOnly the most frequently used instructions on a chip 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.18 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Processing Parallel Processing –Problem broken down into smaller parts –Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processors Massively Parallel Computers –Computers that use hundreds or thousands of processing chips –Used for large computing tasks 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.19 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Processing 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.20 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Storage, Input, and Output Technologies 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Secondary Storage Technology: relatively long term, nonvolatile storage outside the CPU Magnetic DiskMagnetic Disk –Most widely used medium –Floppy disk and hard disk RAIDRAID –Redundant Array of Independent Disks –Boost disk performance –Package of smaller disk drives with its own controller and specialized software continued

6.21 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Storage, Input, and Output Technologies 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Secondary Storage Technology (continued) Optical DisksOptical Disks –Use laser technology –Store massive amounts of data –CD-ROM (read only), CD-R (recordable), CD-RW (rewriteable) –Digital Video Disks (DVD) Higher capacity than CDsHigher capacity than CDs continued

6.22 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Storage, Input, and Output Technologies 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Secondary Storage Technology (continued) Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape –Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium Storage NetworkingStorage Networking –Network-Attached Storage (NAS) High speed RAID devices attached to a networkHigh speed RAID devices attached to a network –Storage-Area Networks (SAN) Multiple storage devices on a high-speed networkMultiple storage devices on a high-speed network

6.23 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Storage, Input, and Output Technologies 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.24 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Storage, Input, and Output Technologies 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Input –Keyboards –Pointing devices –Source data automation Optical and magnetic ink character recognitionOptical and magnetic ink character recognition Digital scannersDigital scanners Audio inputAudio input SensorsSensors RFID (radio frequency identification)RFID (radio frequency identification) Input and Output Devices Output –Display screens –Printers –Audio output

6.27 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Connections to the CPU 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Ports: Connections to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) Serial PortSerial Port –Sends only one bit at a time along the cable connecting the peripheral device to the CPU Parallel PortParallel Port –Sends the signal multiple bits at a timecontinued

6.28 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Connections to the CPU 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Ports (continued) FirewireFirewire –provides high speed connection Universal Serial Bus (USB) PortsUniversal Serial Bus (USB) Ports –High speed –Allows daisy-chaining multiple USB devices through a USB hub

6.29 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Batch Processing Transactions accumulated and stored until processingTransactions accumulated and stored until processing Online Processing Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediatelyTransactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediately Batch and Online Input and Processing 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.30 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE Batch and Online Input and Processing

6.31 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Multimedia Integrates two or more types of media into a computer-based application Used in interactive Web pages with graphics, sound, animation, video Streaming TechnologyStreaming Technology –Technology for transferring data so that they can be processed as a continuous stream MP3MP3 –Standard for compressing audio files to allow transfer over the Internet Interactive Multimedia 6.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE

6.32 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers Personal Computer (PC)Personal Computer (PC) –Small desktop or portable computer WorkstationWorkstation –Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities Midrange ComputersMidrange Computers –Middle size computer capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or managing networks of other organizations

6.33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software MinicomputersMinicomputers –Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratories ServerServer –Provides software and other resources to computers over a network Server FarmServer Farm –Large group of servers maintained by a vendor –Made available to subscribers 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

6.34 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software MainframeMainframe –Large computer –Used for major business processing SupercomputerSupercomputer –Highly sophisticated and powerful computer 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

6.35 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Networks and Client-Server Computing Distributed ProcessingDistributed Processing –Distribution of processing work among multiple computers Centralized ProcessingCentralized Processing –Accomplished by one large central computer Client-Server ComputingClient-Server Computing –Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

6.36 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Networks and Client-Server Computing 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS ClientClient –The user point-of entry for the required function in client-server computing –Usually a desktop, workstation, or laptop computer DownsizingDownsizing –Transferring applications from large computers to smaller ones

6.37 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Computer Networks and Client-Server Computing 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

6.38 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.2 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing Network Computer (NC) Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently Peer-to-Peer Computing Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Grid Computing Applies computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem

6.39 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Program: Series of statements or instructions to the computerProgram: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System Software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesSystem Software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources Application Software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end usersApplication Software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end users 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Operating System System softwareSystem software Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources Schedules use of computer resourcesSchedules use of computer resources Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsProvides locations in primary memory for data and programs Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices System Software and PC Operating Systems 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.42 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software System Software and PC Operating Systems 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.43 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Language Translation & Utility Software Source CodeSource Code –Program instructions written in a high- level programming language that must be translated into machine language Object CodeObject Code –Program instructions in machine language for execution by the computer CompilerCompiler –System software that translates source code into object code System Software and PC Operating Systems 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.44 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces GUIGUI –The part of the operating system users interact with that uses icons and a computer mouse to issue commands and make selections Open-Source SoftwareOpen-Source Software –Software that provides free access to its programming code –Allows users to modify code to improve or fix errors System Software and PC Operating Systems 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.45 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software System Software and PC Operating Systems 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.46 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Programming Languages: Evolved from machine language to high-level languages for business and scientific work Machine LanguageMachine Language –Consists of the 0s and 1s of binary code Important Languages for Business ApplicationsImportant Languages for Business Applications –COBOL, C, C++, Visual BASIC

6.47 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Fourth-Generation LanguageFourth-Generation Language –Can help end users develop software with little or no assistance from IS specialists Natural LanguagesNatural Languages –Close to human language Query LanguagesQuery Languages –Provide immediate online answers to requests

6.48 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.49 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Object-Oriented Programming Approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single objectApproach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object Visual Programming Construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objectsConstruction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects

6.50 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.51 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE JAVA Allows applications to be system and location independent Delivers the software functionality needed through the browser Runs on any computer and operating system anywhere

6.52 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the computer

6.53 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.54 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language) Hybrid of HTML and XML that provides more flexibility than HTML XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) Reporting language designed for financial statements and other business reports

6.55 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Contemporary Tools for Software Development 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Google & Yahoo Offer integrated solutions for businesses that are not tied to a platform (OS = Windows) or location.NET Microsoft business strategy aimed at convergence of personal computing and the Web

6.56 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Software Package Prewritten, precoded, commercially available set of programs Integrated Software Packages and Software Suites Provides two or more applications, such as word processing and spreadsheet Allows for easy transfer of data between them Application Software Packages and Productivity Software 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.57 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Office 2000 and Office XP:Office 2000 and Office XP: –Integrated software suites –Support collaborative work on the web E-mail Software:E-mail Software: –Computer-to-computer exchange of messages Web Browser:Web Browser: –Easy to use software for accessing the World Wide Web and the Internet Application Software Packages and Productivity Software 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.58 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software GroupwareGroupware –Provides functions and services that support the collaborative activities of work groups Application Software Packages and Productivity Software 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

6.59 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Enterprise Software Set of integrated modules for major business functionsSet of integrated modules for major business functions Allows data to be used by multiple functions and business processesAllows data to be used by multiple functions and business processesMiddleware Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange dataAllows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange data 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration

6.61 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Web Server Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are storedManages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored Enterprise Application Integration Software Ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integrationTies together multiple applications to support enterprise integration 6.3 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration

6.62 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Microminiaturization and NanotechnologyMicrominiaturization and Nanotechnology Any-Platform MovementAny-Platform Movement 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Trends in Hardware and Software

6.63 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Trends in Hardware and Software

6.64 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Capacity Planning: Process of predicting the computing powerCapacity Planning: Process of predicting the computing power Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downScalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking down 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Hardware Requirements for E-commerce and the Digital Firm

6.65 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcesDesignates the total cost of owning technology resources Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and trainingIncludes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

6.66 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software On-line Storage Service Providers Third-party providers that rent out storage space to subscribers over the WebThird-party providers that rent out storage space to subscribers over the Web Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data Application Service Providers (ASPs) Provide software that can be rented by other companiesProvide software that can be rented by other companies 6. 4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

6.67 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software Other Types of Service Providers Management service providers and business continuity service providersManagement service providers and business continuity service providers Utility Computing “Pay as you go” model” where firms pay only for the information technology resources they actually use during a specified period“Pay as you go” model” where firms pay only for the information technology resources they actually use during a specified period 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

6.68 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software 6.4 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

6.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software HARDWARE AND.

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6.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Hardware and Software HARDWARE AND.

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