1. JAXA input to the IGOS-P Integrated Global Observations of the Land (IGOL) Theme Ake Rosenqvist, Chu Ishida Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Earth Observation Research and Applications Center (EORC) IGOL FAO/Rome, Sept. 13-15, 2004

2. 1 JAXA Earth Observation missions of relevance to IGOL: Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) Operational 1992-1998 L-band (23.5 cm) Synthetic Aperture Radar Regional data observation strategy (tropical & boreal zones) implemented during last 3 years of mission 1996-1998. IGOL relevance: Continental-scale JERS-1 SAR Global Forest Mapping project (GRFM/GBFM) Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Launch: Autumn 2005 L-band SAR and optical sensors IGOL relevance: ALOS Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative Global data observation strategy implemented JAXA & IGOL

3. Mainland South-East Asia Dual-season (1997/1998) South America/Amazon Dual-season (1995/1996) Equatorial Africa Dual-season (1996) Boreal North America Dual-season (1997/1998) Central America Single-season (1996) JERS-1 Tropical & Boreal Mosaic Data Sets To be released 2004/2005: Siberia Europe Insular SE-Asia Australia India China South Africa Southern S. America Free of charge for science (i.e. IGOL) and education Continental-scale baseline mosaic data sets from mid 1990’s Consistent in space and time 100 m ground resolution

4. Kuparuk River Basin Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta K. C. McDonald and E. Podest, JPL Open Water Classification Maps of open water area derived from the 100 m resolution summer-time JERS-1 SAR mosaic. The open water maps were derived using an unsupervised, single-pass clustering classification scheme. JERS-1 imagery and associated classification maps of 80km x 80km (6400 km 2 ) regions within the Kuparuk River Basin on Alaska’s North Slope, and the Yukon- Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska are shown. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. JERS-1 SAR mosaic Application example:

5. 4 PRISM AVNIR-2 PALSAR Velocity Nadir PALSAR: Polarimetric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar PRISM: Panchromatic 2.5 m along-track stereo AVNIR-2: Multi-spectral 10 m scanner (NIR/R/G/B) Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Mission sensors PALSAR PRISM AVNIR-2 LaunchAutumn 2005 Repeat Cycle46 days Swath70 km Observation strategy Global, systematic

6. 5 The ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative The Kyoto & Carbon Initiative is an international collaborative project, involving ~20 research groups from 13 countries. The Initiative forms the continuation and extension of the JERS-1 SAR GRFM/GBFM project into the era of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite. K&C aims to support information needs posed by the “3 C’ s”: The terrestrial C arbon cycle science community (CO2 & CH4 sources and sinks); Multinational Environmental C onventions and Declarations: UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol (Forest and Land Cover Change); Ramsar Convention (wetland characteristics and disturbances); UN Millenium Declaration & UNCCD (water supply and desertification) Environmental C onservation K&C project output: Validated thematic products, generated by the K&C Science Team Global, 50 m resolution SAR mosaics xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxazxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxc cccccccccxx K&C support to the new IGOL Theme can be foreseen

7. K&C Project organization xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxazxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxccccccccccxx K&C product development 1. Methodology development - Year 1-3 Development of algorithms and methods required to support the specific information requirements identified (e.g. annual biomass change, wetland flooding extents, irrigated rice spatial distribution, etc.); 2. Regional prototype demonstration - Year 1-3 Operational demonstration of the methodology to a regional/semi-continental scale geographical region. Delivery of prototype product within 3 years of the ALOS launch. 3. Continental/global-scale extrapolation - Year 4+ Regional/continental-scale application of the methods and work approaches developed to other, or larger, geographical regions

8. 7 High resolution E.O. data archives - inconsistent and fragmented Technology driven missions Acquisitions on request Non-commercial - PI focus (individual & local) Commercial - customer requests (individual & local) ---> Frequent coverage over specific sites - but poor coverage over others "Global coverage” background missions: Temporal component ignored. Required for high resolution E.O. (and for IGOL!): A comprehensive and systematic data acquisition strategy with regional-global emphasis on a repetitive and long-term basis. The need for systematic E.O. observation strategies to support IGOL

9.  This is a response to public, political and scientific calls for systematic data observations and consistent data archives The Kyoto Protocol: All Parties shall ”co-operate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to the climate system, [and] the adverse impacts of climate change...". [Kyoto Protocol, Art. 10d] IGOS-P: “The vision for a carbon cycle observing system is to contribute to the integrated understanding and human management of the carbon cycle, through systematic, long-term monitoring of the exchanges of GHGs, and the associated changes in carbon stocks”. [IGOS-P Carbon Cycle Observation Theme: Terrestrial and Atmospheric Comp. Feb., 2001] To,be implemented for ALOS: A Global Systematic Observation Strategy Objective of the ALOS observation strategy: Establishment of a systematic archive for ALOS, in which spatially and temporally consistent time series of data can be found for any arbitrary point, or region, on the Earth.

10. 9 The ALOS Systematic Observation Strategy - Factors considered Spatial consistency over regional scales Semi-continental wall-to-wall coverage Temporal consistency over regional scales Acquisitions within a short time window (1-2 cycles) Accurate timing Regional seasonality drives window selection Consistent sensor configuration Limitation of the PALSAR operational modes ”Long-term” repetition continuity Semi-annual repetition to EOL.

11. 10 ALOS Acquisition Strategy Observation plan concept Large geographical observation units Acquired during fixed and limited time windows. Only one observation mode during each 46-day cycle

12. 11 ALOS Acquisition Strategy - PALSAR Ascending (~22.30) 2-3 global wall-to-wall coverages/year

13. 12 Descending (~10.30): * Priority to PRISM & AVNIR-2 * PALSAR mode: ScanSAR (100 m, HH) * Focus on wetland & CH4 intensive monitoring Draft - Nov. 2003 ALOS Acquisition Strategy PALSAR Descending

14. 13 ALOS Acquisition Strategy PRISM & AVNIR-2 PRISM: Triplet stereo mode (2.5 m; panchromatic; B/H=1.0) AVNIR-2: Nadir view default Simultaneous with PALSAR on selected sites (34° off-nadir) Base plan (PRISM + AVNIR-2) : Full annual global coverages Repetition during ALOS life-time Regional time windows based on cloud statistics Additional user requests feasible (AVNIR-2) 2005: 0601-2005: 0717-2005: 0901-2005: 0917- 2005: 1202-2006: 0117-2006: 0304-2006: 0419-

15. 14 ALOS Observation Strategy - Summary PALSAR ascending (22.30) Default mode: Dual-pol (HH+HV, 20m) 2-3 Global coverages annually Summer/dry season (41.5° HH+HV); Winter/rainy season (41.5° HH) Global InSAR coverage (34°) every 1-2 yrs Pol-InSAR campaigns every 2 yrs PALSAR descending (10.30) Default mode: ScanSAR (100 m, HH) 1 Global ScanSAR coverage annually Intensive wetlands & CH4 monitoring 46-day repeat during a full annual cycle (13 months) Geo-sites 2 desc obs/3 years PRISM & AVNIR-2 (descending) 1 Global coverage annually as base mapping PRISM: Triplet stereo, 2.5 m AVNIR-2: Nadir view AVNIR/PALSAR synergy (34.3°) over selected areas Capacity available for additional AVNIR-2 observations.

16. 15 JAXA support to IGOL - Summary points Both JERS-1 and ALOS missions ought to be of relevance to IGOL Continental-scale, 100 m resolution JERS-1 SAR mosaic data available for the entire boreal and tropical belt at no cost. Long-term, regional-scale consistent data required for IGOL: JAXA is taking unprecedented steps to implement a comprehensive data observation strategy for ALOS. The international ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative aims to produce validated, regional-scale thematic land products and data sets. Hence - if interest exists, significant potential for IGOL support form JAXA can be foreseen.

17. References Systematic Data Acquisitions - A Pre-requisite for Meaningful Biophysical Parameter Retrieval? Rosenqvist, A., Milne A.K. and Zimmermann, R., 2003. Communications, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 1709-1711, July, 2003. Initiating the ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative. Rosenqvist, A., Ogawa T., Shimada M. and Igarashi T. Proc. IGARSS ’ 01, Sydney, Australia. July 9-13, 2001. Support to Multi-national Environmental Conventions and Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Science by ALOS and ADEOS- II – the Kyoto & Carbon Initiative. Rosenqvist A., M. Shimada, T. Igarashi, M. Watanabe, T. Tadono and H. Yamamoto. Proc. IGARSS’03, Toulouse, France. July 21-25, 2003. IGOS-P Carbon Cycle Observation Theme: Terrestrial and atmospheric components. Cihlar J., et al. (Eds.). Report to IGOS-P by the Terrestrial Carbon Theme Team, IGOS-P, 2001. Remote Sensing and the Kyoto Protocol: A Review of Available and Future Technology for Monitoring Treaty Compliance. Rosenqvist, A., Imhoff, M., Milne A.K. and Dobson C. (Eds.). ISPRS Workshop Report (159 pp.). Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Oct. 20-22, 1999. A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol. Rosenqvist, A., Milne A.K., Lucas R., Imhoff, M. and Dobson C, Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp 441-455, Oct. 2003. The SAHARASAR project: Potential support to water prospecting in arid Africa by SAR. Paillou P., and Rosenqvist A. Proc. IGARSS’03, Toulouse, France. July 21-25, 2003. The Use of Spaceborne Radar Data to Model Inundation Patterns and Trace Gas Emissions in the Central Amazon Floodplain. Rosenqvist, A., Forsberg, B, Pimentel, T., Rauste Y. and Richey J., International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 1303-1328, 2002. Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Irrigated Rice in JERS-1 L-band SAR Data. Rosenqvist A., International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 1567-1587, 1999. ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative homepage: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/kyoto/kyoto_index.htm