1. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre Training Interventions for Managing Startle During Unexpected Critical Events Wayne Martin Griffith University Aerospace Safety Centre, Brisbane, Australia

2. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre

3. Fear-potentiated Startle A startle which has been enhanced by perceived or actual threat

4. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre Self-Efficacy ‘The belief in one’s capabilities to organise and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations’ Bandura (1986)

5. The ubiquitous reliability of the modern aircraft has done tremendous things for airline safety. One of the by-products of this tremendous reliability however, is a semi-realistic expectation amongst pilots that things will very rarely ever go wrong. A lack of expectation can lead to a heightened startle and acute stress response when something does go wrong. The Curse of Ubiquitous Normalcy

6. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre Colgan Air – Buffalo 2009 Turkish Airlines – Amsterdam 2009 Air France 447 – Atlantic Ocean 2009 Pinnacle Airlines - Missouri, 2004 Some recent examples of Unexpected Events

7. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre Brain Mechanisms Associated With Startle

8. Hypothalamus Activates adrenal medulla Activates sympathetic nervous system Activates the adrenal- cortical system by releasing CRF Pituitary Gland secretes hormone ACTH Releases norepinephrine ACTH arrives at the adrenal cortex and releases approx. 30 hormones bloodstream Releases epinephrine Impulses activate glands and smooth muscles Neural activity combines with hormones in the bloodstream to constitute fight-or- flight response Amygdala The Acute Stress Reaction (Fight or Flight)

9. Research has shown significant impairment in information processing for up to 30 seconds Information processing tasks such as attention, perception, situational awareness, problem solving and decision making can be markedly impacted. Communication is often disorganised and incoherent for some time. Psychomotor impairment often occurs but generally lasts for only 5-10 seconds. The Cognitive Effects of Startle

10. Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre Mitigating Startle Mitigation of startle Effects comes through two efforts: 1.Better Prevention of critical events 2.Improving Recovery training

11. Prevention Strategies Improved training and attention to: -situational awareness skill sets; and -pilot monitoring skills. Mitigating Startle

12. Maintaining an accurate mental picture requires a number of individual skills working in concert. These skills include: Situational Awareness Effective Communications Planning Storage and Retrieval of Knowledge Temporal Awareness Vigilance Workload Assignment and Management Reviewing and Modifying Plans Inquiry

13. Pilot monitoring involves the comparison of environmental cues to a master mental schema which is continuously updated for local variations on the day. A framework of SOP’s form expectations which are reinforced through repetition. On any given day this continuously updated ‘mental model’ of what should happen is compared by both Pilots to actual conditions, and disparities are either noticed and addressed, noticed and ignored, or not noticed. Mitigating Startle

14. Prevention Strategies Improved training and attention to situational awareness skill sets, and particularly pilot monitoring skills Developing greater expectation and efficacy for managing unexpected critical events Mitigating Startle

15. Prevention Strategies Improved training and attention to situational awareness skill sets, and particularly pilot monitoring skills Developing greater expectation and efficacy for managing unexpected critical events Greater awareness of startle effects. Mitigating Startle

16. Prevention Strategies Improved training and attention to situational awareness skill sets, and particularly pilot monitoring skills Developing greater expectation and efficacy for managing unexpected critical events Greater awareness of startle effects. Encouraging Pilots to have personal strategies for managing unexpected critical events Mitigating Startle

17. Recovery More focus on evidence based training Mitigating Startle

18. Recovery More focus on evidence based training Improved training on recognition and management of undesired aircraft states Mitigating Startle

19. Recovery More focus on evidence based training Improved training on recognition and management of undesired aircraft states Exposure to unexpected critical events during training. Mitigating Startle

20. When pilots are suddenly confronted with an unexpected critical event, they often become startled. Startle has the ability to disrupt cognitive processes for up to 30 seconds, particularly where it is experienced in conditions of real threat. This time may be critical in the recovery or decision making process. Adopting holistic training interventions for managing startle will have other benefits including improved threat and error management, and improved prevention of, and recovery from, undesired aircraft states. Summary

21. QUESTIONS? Griffith Aerospace Safety Centre