2. J. M. Forbes, E. K. Sutton, R. S. Nerem Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Sean Bruinsma, CNES Toulouse, France Thermosphere Density and Wind Responses to Solar and Geomagnetic Activity GRACE-A & GRACE-B launched in March 2002 3.12 m x 1.94 m x 0.78 m 500 km altitude near-circular (89.5°) orbits GRACE-B ≈ 220 km behind GRACE-A Supported by NSF Space Weather Grant ATM-0208482

3. The CHAMP satellite was launched in July 2000 at 450 km altitude in a near-circular orbit with an inclination of 87.3° The physical parameters of the CHAMP satellite are: Total Mass 522 kg Height 750 mm Length (with 4044mm Boom) 8333 mm Width 1621 mm Area to Mass Ratio 0.00138 m²kg

4. CHAMP is in a 13:20/01:20 LT orbit during the Super Storms Local time precession rate of CHAMP is about 24 hours/133 days The GRACE satellites are in a 16:00/04:00 LT orbit during the Super Storms

5. The “Halloween 2003” Intense Solar Events Active region 10486, already under close scrutiny by several instruments on SOHO and other satellites, as well as numerous ground observatories, started up a spectacular two-part show in the morning on Tuesday 28 October 2003. An X 17.2 flare, the second largest flare observed by SOHO, was setting off a strong high energy proton event and a fast-moving Coronal Mass Ejection, hitting Earth early on Wednesday 29 October. The one-two punch was a done deal on Wednesday afternoon, when an X 10.0 flare set off another round of particles and another fast-moving CME.

8. Thermosphere Density Response ~200 -300% Second CME arrives First CME arrives Oct 27 Oct 28 EUV flare arrives ~200% 19 hrs

9. Vic Winter, Warrensburg Missouri, Oct 30: The first wave of aurora appeared between 01 and 02 hours UT. A second wave hit about 04 hours UT and had many red spikes with green curtains below." Barry Kierstein, Lyndeborough, New Hampshire, Oct. 30 Aurora during the Halloween Storms

10. Thermosphere Wind Response to the October/November 2003 Storms from CHAMP Accelerometer Measurements

11. Westward winds during quiet period Westward intensification during disturbed periods Daytime (LST ~ 13:20) Zonal Winds at the Equator Note: longitude also changing @ 360°/day

12. CHAMP ~ 0 to -50 m/s during quiet period HWM93 ~ 50 to 100 m/s during quiet period CHAMP strong westward intensification during disturbed periods Nighttime (LST ~ 01:20) Zonal Winds at the Equator

13. Suggests enhanced eastward electric field, vertical drifts, and vertical redistribution of equatorial plasma -- reduction or increase in east-west drag at 410 km? TEC asymmetry possibly imply northward wind? Equatorial plasma depletion reduces ion drag? Reduction in O/N 2 ratio or transport effect? TEC Measurements Suggest a Possible Combination of Electrodynamic, Dynamical and Chemical Effects at the Equator Credit: International GPS Service - http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov

14. X17 flare 301 Oct 28 X28 flare 308 Nov 4 302, 303 Oct 29, 30 324 Nov 20 (days) The Isolated Magnetic Storm of November 20, 2003

15. (days) V2V2 BzBz apap D st Oct 25 Oct 30 Oct 20 Nov 20

19. Day of Year, 2003

20. Smoothed densities, using a 150-sec (~1200 km) window, along the orbital tracks of GRACE (left) and CHAMP (right) on dayside (top) and nightside (bottom) beginning during the quiet period early on day 324, and ending during the quiet period early on day 325. The dotted black curves are beginning orbits and the solid black curves are ending orbits while the color rainbow spectrum (from dark blue to red) represents the sequence of orbits during the storm. Large-Scale Wave Structures during the Storm

21. Traveling Atmospheric Disturbances during the 15-24 April 2002 Magnetically Active Interval waves launched

22. ~800 ms -1