Slide 1 of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan Professor John C. Zarnecki.

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan Professor John C. Zarnecki

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Saturn and Titan

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Saturn  Most distant planet visible with the naked eye  2 nd largest planet in the solar system  Gas giant – primarily Hydrogen and Helium  34 known moons at present  1.5 billion km mean distance from the sun, 10 x more distant than the Earth  Unique complex ring system

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Titan  Saturn’s largest moon  Discovered by Christiaan Huygens in 1655  Diameter of 5150 km  Atmospheric pressure of 1.5 bar  Surface temperature ~ 96 K (-177°C)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Why Titan?  Only planetary satellite with atmosphere (column mass ~ 10 x value for Earth)  Surface – obscured by photochemical haze  Atmosphere – mainly N 2 with CH 4 and an array of hydrocarbons and nitriles  Indirect evidence for surface seas/lakes (i.e. a methane ‘source’)  A ‘primordial atmosphere’ (but frozen!) → an ancient earth?

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini/Huygens Mission

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini Spacecraft  Joint ESA/NASA mission  Launched 15 th October 1997  6.7 m high  2125 kg at launch  After a 7 year (4 billion km) journey, Cassini arrived at Saturn in July 2004.

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Gravity Assist Trajectory

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Saturn Orbit Insertion

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Huygens Probe  Determine atmospheric composition  Study aerosol properties and cloud physics  Characterise the upper atmosphere  Imaging the surface for the first time  Determine the physical properties of the surface material

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Industry  LogicaCMG – Mission critical on-board software, including Probe control software, Cassini/Huygens communications relay software and in flight software maintenance.  Martin Baker Space Systems – Parachute systems and related structural components, mechanisms and pyrotechnics.  Irvin Aerospace – Sub-contractor to Martin Baker responsible for definition of each of the three disk gap band parachutes.  IGG Component Technology - Centralised procurement and testing of electrical, electronic and electromechanical components.  SciSys – Mission control system development and operational support.

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 List of Instruments 1.Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) Fulchignoni, Paris, France. 2.Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Niemann, NASA, USA 3.Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) Israel, CNRS, France. 4.Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Tomasko, Arizona, USA 5.Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) Bird, Bonn, USA 6.Surface Science Package (SSP) Zarnecki, OU, UK.

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Surface Science Package (SSP)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 SSP Flight Integration

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 SSP Sensor Description

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Selected Properties Measured by SSP

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 ATMOSPHERE SOLID MUD LIQUID

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 ACC-I (Internal Accelerometer)  Piezoelectric accelerometer  Max ~100 g detection  Impact dynamics measurement (deceleration)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 ACC-E (Penetrometer)  Piezoelectric force transducer  Protrudes from probe base  First instrument to touch Titan’s surface  Impact measurement of penetration through the surface layer (mechanical properties of the surface)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 TIL (Probe Attitude)  Measures tilt relative to 1 axis  Electrolytic liquid in a glass vial  Fluid movement relative to electrodes → tilt angle

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 API-V (Speed of Sound)  2 piezoelectric transducers generate ultrasonic pulse  Alternate T x /R x mode  Arranged facing each other  Time taken for pulse to be detected → speed of sound in the Titan atmosphere (molecular mass)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 API-S (Sounder)  10 resonant piezoelectric plates  Simultaneously form a 20° acoustic beam  Orientated towards the surface  Surface profile echoes  Ocean/lake sounder

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 THP (Thermal Properties)  Thin wire technique  50 µm Pt wire pulsed with high current  R Ω (t) measured  Thermal conductivity derived (gas mixture components)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 DEN (Density)  Archimedes’ principle  Float suspended in chamber  Buoyancy in immersed liquid measured by strain gauges → density

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 REF (Refractometer)  Critical angle refractometer  Linear photodiode array and specially designed prism  Refractive index of immersed liquid measured (light-dark transition)

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 PER (Permittivity and Conductivity)  Stacked parallel plates  Capacitance measured  Permittivity and conductivity of the liquid measured

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Landing On Titan

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Arrival and Descent

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Possible Landing Scenarios

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 High Altitude Images Altitude 16.2 km, 40m per pixel resolution Credits: ESA/NASA/University of Arizona Altitude 8 km, 20m per pixel resolution

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 High Altitude Images Credits: ESA/NASA/University of Arizona Altitude 16.2 km, 40 m per pixel resolution

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 A View from 10 km Credits: ESA/NASA/University of Arizona

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Views at the surface Credits: ESA/NASA/University of Arizona

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Impact on the Surface

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Impact Simulations Over 100 vertical and oblique drops into 16 different substrate materials. Coarse GravelSand SiliBeads Crème BruleeDrop Test Rig

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Impact Simulations

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Impact Dynamics – First Look ACC-I (deceleration): 35ms deceleration pulse, peak 15g – Huygens probe decelerated over circa 16cm; Model comparison suggests material with uniform strength vs. depth, ~10 N cm -2 ACC-E (penetration force): 50N resistance with some variation – possibly a pebble strike, possible sub-surface granular structure on cm scale or finer

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 API-S Surface Detection

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 API-V Speed of sound increases with temperature at lower altitude

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 SSP Data Summary SSP has received ALL of its Science Data via Channel B. All SSP sensors have given the expected output for the atmospheric and surface conditions encountered. We have data up to T0 + 13,046secs (3hrs, 37mins, 26secs). Data from surface for 1hr, 9 mins, 36secs

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 17 January 2005L.Gurvits and the Huygens VLBI Tracking Team Doppler (wind and more….) measurements Huygens carrier at Green Bank, Mk5 VLBI

of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 Acknowledgements SSP Science Team Huygens Science Team ESA NASA Polish Academy of Sciences University of Manchester Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council

Slide 1 of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan Professor John C. Zarnecki.

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Slide 1 of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan Professor John C. Zarnecki.

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Presentation on theme: "Slide 1 of 45 Prof. John ZarneckiRAeS – 22 nd March 2005 The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan Professor John C. Zarnecki."— Presentation transcript:

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