2. Bull Run (I) Manassas, July 21, 1861, 25 miles south of Washington, D.C. 1st major land battle McDowell's (North) planned for a surprise attack (poorly executed). The Confederates found themselves at a disadvantage until reinforcements arrived by railroad. A Southern Victory!? Union - 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 missing Confederate -387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing

3. Effects ★ Both sides realize the war is going to last longer --> more volunteers!!! ★ The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat. ★ Lincoln fears D.C. potential capture. ★ “Stonewall” Jackson becomes a legend ★ McDowell gets replaced

4. “Stonewall” Jackson Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson Confederate As Confederate lines began to crumble (1 st Bull Run), he demonstrated the discipline he instilled in his men. "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer.” After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general

5. The Naval War ★ April 1861, Lincoln proclaims blockade ★ By spring 1862, most ports blocked ★ South used blockade runners (small vessels used to smuggle goods),to carry on some trade with Europe ★ Confederate raiders attacked Northern merchant ships ★ North captures New Orleans in April 1862, the central cotton trade port and city.

6. Robert E. Lee President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army. Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact. Lee originally served as a military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. A shrewd battlefield commander Won numerous battles against larger Union armies Unable to force back Grant and surrendered on April 9, 1865.

7. Ulysses S. Grant Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and effectively ended the war with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox. Reputation as an aggressive commander 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) Grant won passage of the 15th Amendment; giving constitutional protection for African American voting rights.

8. Antietam Sharpsburg, Maryland :September 17, 1862 On Union soil Bloodiest 1-day battles in US history, about 23,000 casualties on both sides Victory: Union South’s Goal: invade the North, force the them to accept South’s independence. Despite ample forces McClellan failed to destroy Lee's army but Lee withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the McClellan McClellan is fired by Lincoln.

10. ·Famous 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts which was organized by Frederick Douglass