1. Joints Chapter 7 Bio160

2. Types of Joints Fibrous – Sutures between skull bones, between teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula Cartilaginous – Epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic symphysis

3. Types of Synovial Joints Gliding – intercarpal and intertarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal Hinge – knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal Pivot – atlanto-axial, radioulnar Condyloid – wrist and metacarpophalangeal (2-5)

4. Types of Synovial Joints Saddle – carpometacarpal in thumb Ball and Socket – shoulder and hip

5. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Inversion and Eversion Elevation and Depression Supination and Pronation Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Rotation

6. Muscle Tissue Chapter8 Bio160

7. Connective Tissue Components Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous connective tissue which is continuous with tendons that insert skeletal muscle into bone This outer connective tissue of muscle can also be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous connective tissue) as compared to superficial fascia also known as subcutaneous tissue

8. Connective Tissue Components Connective tissue holds muscle together as well as serving to transmit blood vessels and nerves to inner muscle cells Epimysium - outside of entire muscle Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles (bundles) Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle

10. Histology Large → Small: fascicle → fiber → fibril → filament Sarco = fleshy Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers Sarcolemma - cell membrane

11. Histology Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca 2+, has enlarged portions called cisternae that surround the transverse tubules

13. Histology Myofibrils – cross section of muscle cell consists of small cylinders called myofibrils which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell (exercise increases myofibril production; lack of exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy)) Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (protein)

14. Histology –thick myofilaments = myosin – thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin

15. Histology –thick myofilaments = myosin – thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin Each myofibril is surrounded by SR

16. Histology Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into compartments called sarcomeres Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal muscle (contractile unit) Myofilament arrangement in sarcomeres results in alternating pattern of light and dark staining bands

17. Histology (6) Parts of sarcomere –A band - myosin + overlapping actin, dark staining band –I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I bands / sarcomere), light staining band –Z disc – through center of I band