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Published byTheresa Young Modified over 9 years ago
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By:Ms Pojer and Ms Lucchesi
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Essential Question Industrial Revolution I have a film you can borrow :) Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England? What were the short term and long term changes to economy, government, and society that resulted from the Industrial Revolution?
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Late 18 c : French Economic Advantages VNapoleonic Code. VFrench communal law. ) Free contracts ) Open markets ) Uniform & clear commercial regulations VStandards weights & measures. VEstablished technical schools. VThe government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. VBank of France European model providing a reliable currency.
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French Economic Disadvantages VYears of war ) Supported the American Revolution. ) French Revolution. ) Early 19c Napoleonic Wars VHeavy debts. VHigh unemployment soldiers returning from the battlefronts. VFrench businessmen were afraid to take risks.
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That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
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The Enclosure Movement
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“ Enclosed ” Lands Today
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Metals, Woolens, & Canals
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Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
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Mine & Forge [1840-1880] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
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Coalfields & Industrial Areas
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
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British Pig Iron Production
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Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame”
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By 1850 : Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent ùNortheast France. ùBelgium. ùThe Netherlands. ùWestern German states. ùNorthern Italy ùEast Germany Saxony
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Industrialization By 1850
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Railroads on the Continent
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Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900
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Effects on the Economy
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Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
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Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers
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The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.
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Textile Factory Workers in England
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John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”
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The Power Loom
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James Watt ’ s Steam Engine
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Steam Tractor
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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The Railroad
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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“ The Great Land Serpent ”
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Effects on Society
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Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
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The Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851, London The World’s FairThe World’s Fair IndustrializationIndustrialization NationalismNationalism MaterialismMaterialism
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Exhibition vs Reality
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Typical English Middle Class
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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“ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life
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Worker and the Colonized
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c London by Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Poor the Homeless
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The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
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Political Effects from the Industrial Revolution in Britain, France, Belgium, Poland, Egypt, and Greece,
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Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities: The “ Lady Bountifuls ”
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The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
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The Luddite Triangle
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The Luddites
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The Neo-Luddites Today
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British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819
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The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842
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The “ Peoples ’ Charter ” V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. × Votes for all men. × Equal electoral districts. × Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot.
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The Chartists A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight. A female Chartist
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Anti-Corn Law League, 1845 4 Give manufactures more outlets for their products. 4 Expand employment. 4 Lower the price of bread. 4 Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. 4 Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. 4 Promote international peace through trade contact.
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Effects on Zeitgeist
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Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. × Food supply will then keep up with population.
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David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.
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The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.
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Jeremy Bentham
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The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
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