1. You will: Analyze primary source photographs related to child labor during Industrialism Identify positive and negative effects of Industrialization that you have learned so far.

2. Factory owners preferred using children for some tasks because of their small size. It was more profitable for factory owners to employ children than skilled adults. British factory owners profited by purchasing orphans who worked for very low wages. Lack of sleep and an averaged eighteen-hour work day in Britain and in the U.S. contributed to mistakes and injuries. Some children in Britain and in the U.S. were mentally and physically abused by their supervisors, and their safety was neglected by factory owners who cared more about profit than well-being.

3. She was 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember."

5. UNICEF estimates that around 150 million children aged 5-14 in developing countries, about 16 per cent of all children in this age group, are involved in child labour (UNICEF 2011 State of the World’s Children). International Labor Organization (an agency of the United Nations) estimates that throughout the world, around 215 million children under 18 work, many full- time. In Sub Saharan African 1 in 4 children aged 5-17 work, compared to 1 in 8 in Asia Pacific and 1 in 10 in Latin America (ILO 2010 Facts on Child Labour).UNICEF 2011 State of the World’s ChildrenILO 2010 Facts on Child Labour Unicef.org

8. Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), youths 14 and 15 years old may work outside school hours in various non- manufacturing, non-mining, non-hazardous jobs under certain conditions.Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Permissible work hours for 14- and 15-year-olds are: 3 hours on a school day; 18 hours in a school week; 8 hours on a non-school day; 40 hours in a non-school week; and between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., except from June 1 through Labor Day, when nighttime work hours are extended to 9 p.m. Child labor laws vary from state from state. U.S. Department of Labor- Youth Labor

9. State of the World’s Children – 1997 Report from Unicef: http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/

10. Nardinelli, Clark. Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. ---."Were Children Exploited During the Industrial Revolution?" Research in Economic History 2 (1988): 243-276. Rule, John. The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth Century English Industry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. Tuttle, Carolyn. "A Revival of the Pessimist View: Child Labor and the IndustrialRevolution." Research in Economic History 18 (1998): 53-82.