1. The Skeletal System

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3. JUST FYI The skeleton on the previous slide was taken from a GRADE 5 science website. It is the VERY MINIMUM you should know.

4. The Skull At birth the bones of the skull, or cranium, have spaces between them This allows them to move and make the baby’s head smaller as it passes through the birth canal

5. The Skull Some of these bones fuse in the months following birth, but the rest of the cranium is not completely fused until adolescence (teens)

6. Spinal Column To cope with the constant pressure of standing upright, the vertebral column has 2 distinct curves. One is in the neck region (Cervical Curve)

7. Spinal Column The other is in the lower back (Lumbar Region) The S- shape of the spine allows it to carry more weight

8. Spinal Column The vertebrae in the lower back are bigger as they carry more weight than those in the neck The regions of the spine are: the spine are:

9. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Divided into 5 regions (1)Cervical spine (7) (2)Thoracic spine (12) (3)Lumbar spine (5) (4)Sacrum (5) (5)Coccyx (4) The 5 sacrum vertebrae and 4 coccyx vertebrae are fused to form one solid bone.

10. The Thorax The ribs of the chest connect with the vertebral column at the back and the sternum at the front via cartilage The cartilage allows the chest to expand the chest to expand and contract as we and contract as we breathe breathe

11. The Thorax The lower ribs do not attach at the front, and are known as floating ribs. Their job is to protect the heart and lungs. There are 12 pairs of ribs in the average of ribs in the average adult skeleton adult skeleton

12. The Shoulder The connections of the shoulder blade, collar bone, sternum and humerus form the shoulder girdle This enables the arm to move in a wide circle

13. The Shoulder The shoulder blades (scapula) do not meet the vertebral column directly, but are attached to it by strong muscles

14. The Arm & Hand The arrangement of bones in the arm allows rotation movements, such as turning a door handle There are 60 bones in the arms, 54 of these are in the hands

15. The Arm & Hand The hand is very flexible because the bones in it are so small The most significant factor is the position of the thumb on the hand It (the thumb) allows for a larger range of manipulations to occur

16. The Pelvis The hips bear the weight of the head, arms and trunk The Pelvis is actually constructed of three bones fused together: the ilium, ischium and the pubis

17. The Pelvis The Pelvis is broader in females The joint where the Femur meets the Pelvis is a Ball & Socket joint. The joint is under constant strain as it allows for movement whilst supporting the trunk

18. Legs & Feet The largest. Strongest and heaviest bones in the body are the Femurs The leg bones are arranged in a similar fashion to the arms & hand

19. Legs & Feet The rotation of the hip is more limited than the shoulder The Knee joint absorbs more stress than any other part of the body The foot bones are also much more rigid than those in the hand because they bear more weight

20. Exercise & Bones By the late teens, skeletal growth is almost complete Activities that are weight- bearing in nature and high impact (gymnastics, running, basketball, etc) are believed to be of the greatest benefit in bone formation

21. Exercise & Bones These types of activities help bones form heavier mineral deposits with thicker layers of compact bone **This reduces the risks of fractures and osteoporosis later in life

22. Exercise & Bones Weight / Resistance training can also have positive effects on bone mass through the stress placed upon the bones during muscular contractions

23. Exercise & Bones Note: However, irreversible joint damage is known to occur, particularly in young males who have not finished growing when they undergo strenuous weight training…. So be careful!!!