1. Finite Gyroradius Effect in Space and Laboratory 1. Radiation belt (Ring current) 2. Auroral phenomena (Substorm current) 3. Shock acceleration and upstream 4. Ion pick-up and its acceleration 5. Reconnection

2. 1. Foreshock ion: Earth≈Venus≠Mars. 2. Solitary structure maintained by ring current ions in the equatorial plane: (1) same size as the auroral bulge at the ionosphere, (2) yet gyroradius size of carrier ion, selectively 3000 km/s velocity (about 50 keV for H+, 200 keV for He+, and 750 keV for O+).

3. SW paraeter BS size nV 2 (or P D ) B (or R G ) MAMA c/  pi Venus11111 Earth~ 5~ 0.7 ~ 1.2~ 2 Mars~ 0.5 ~ 1.4~ 4 Gyroradius vs Bow-shock size 1. Bowshock

4. Earth=Venus≠Mars (Cao et al., 2008) V // VV VV cluster-3cluster-1 SW Earth Venus Mars

5. IMAGE (FUV) ions ≈ 3000 km/s ions > 5000 km/s 2. Aurora 06:4206:4606:4806:44 P/A 0.01~40 keV

6. Sudden change in field ExB (>50 km/s) is observed e.g., 57 km/s : He + ~ 70 eV H + ~ 17 eV

7. timing  Sunward propagation of E (1) single peak of E: lead by SC-3 by 1~10 sec (2) Pi2-like rarefaction of B: simultaneous at all SC 1000~2000 km

8. increase in ion flux decrease in ion flux H + < 90 keV H + > 160 keV

9. increase in ion flux decrease in ion flux He < 350 keV He > 700 keV O < 0.9 MeV O > 1.4 MeV

10. 3000 km/s = 50 keV (H), 190 keV (He), 740 keV (O) = Flux increase R B = 200 km (H), 800 km (He), 3200 km (O) 5000 km/s = 130 keV (H), 500 keV (He), 2 MeV (O) = Flux decrease mass-dependent change

11. Westward moving auroral bulge at 19 MLT = a solitary structure in the magnetosphere. This solitary structure is maintained by energetic ions of 3000 km/s speed for all ions. Size (gradient < 500 km) of this solitary structure is comparable to the ion gyro radius of the carrier ions. 1000~2000 km Summary

12. Qualitative difference within R gyro Distribution function  Difference cannot be explained by the slight difference in effective energy between SC. R B >> inter-SC distance  cannot be due to finite gyroradius effect.  gradient is substantially large?

13. Energy-time dispersion (flux increase) time-of-flight? (No) ∆T ~ 10 sec for ∆V D ~ 10 km/s  source < 1000 km  No finite gyroradius? (Yes) ∆T ~ 10 sec for ∆R B ~ 100 km  agree with propagation V DB = 20~30 km/s V DB = 10~20 km/s V DB = 30~50 km/s V DB = 50~100 km/s

14. End-Earth

15. ion-scale ? gradient is less than 500 km (5~10 km x 50 sec) cf. R B (= mv/qB) for B ≈ 200 nT condition 50 keV200 keV1 MeV H+H+ v = 3000 km/s R B = 150 km v = 6000 km/s R B = 300 km v = 14000 km/s R B = 700 km He + v = 1500 km/s R B = 300 km v = 3000 km/s R B = 600 km v = 7000 km/s R B = 1400 km O+O+ v = 700 km/s R B = 600 km v = 1500 km/s R B = 1200 km v = 3500 km/s R B = 3000 km R B (H + ) ≤ gradient ≤ R B (He + ) << R B (O + )

16. Drift motion V B  energy (mass independent) V ExB = constant (energy  mass) 50 keV H+ drift = 15 km/s 190 keV He+ drift = 60 km/s 740 keV O+ drift = 220 km/s Simultaneous appearance & much faster than the motion of the E-structure  a solitary structure to maintain the flux peak

17. At around 06:44 UT, appearance of 7 keV // O+ from both hemisphere, within 40 sec difference Aurora ion

18. Energetic electron vs B observed flux Synchronize with B field variation |B|

19. µ B = W  /B conserved?  not really increasing flux under µ B = const df(µ B ) = 0  (∂f/∂W) B > 0  (∂f/∂B) W > 0 = real

20. Linear decoupling observed flux after decoupling the conservation of µ B = W  /B