1. Trans-boundary Processes: Interfacing micro and the macro Ajaya Dixit Institutional Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal River Waters: Perspectives and Challenges for Asia New Delhi 20 th September 2011

2. Combined basic properties of water (p, µ, v) with the physical factor (d, k) establishing an analytical tool to estimate friction factor and consequently head loss in pipe flows.

3. Technology guided; Construction focused: Sectoral Political scientists and legal professionals negotiate civil engineers design: Bureaucratic arm of the nation-state can and will allocate and distribute benefits

4. But considered ecosystem, quality, social, political, institutional and human behaviour issues peripheral. lacked inter-disciplinarity

5. No conclusive understanding of what is going on or will happen: Practice of science Technology has distributive impacts Benefits but also risks Emerging stresses lead to resilience depletion Governance and power balance in society Scale question Fast paced changes The context

7. Ganga basin and Nepal

8. Tinau is tributary of the West Rapti, a tributary of Ghagra which is a tributary of the Ganga 3,200 km 2 3,250 Km 2 in Nepal 850 km 2 in India Source : Gyawali and Dixit 1999

9. Issues Drinking water supply: municipal, rural: quality, quantity Health, hygiene Sanitation (latrines, pollution, wastewater and solid waste) Irrigation: surface: farmers built, agency built: competition and conflict Groundwater: deep shallow manual, mechanised; overdraft Flood disaster: inundation, sand casting, and bank cutting and river shifting Drought: Forest fires Poverty, livelihoods, gender and other types of social differential

10. Rising competition and disputes

11. Administrative Regions (Regional scales) Ecological RegionTotal Population in 2001 Average coverage in % Drinking WaterSanitation EasternMountain Hill Tarai54 CentralMountain82 Hill58 Tarai WesternMountain Hill Tarai Mid western Mountain Hill Tarai Far western Mountain15 Hill Tarai Drinking water access (Nepal) National scale Population 10 6 Population (%) with access to LatrinesElectricity for lighting Banking Services Improved drinking water 30 40 4082

12. Local scale Source: District Profile DWSS/ADB Phase 3 (2000) RegionVDCs Drinking water supply coverage (%) Data unavailable (%) >8551-8431-5010-30<10 East (9) 427114225154 4 (48) Mid West(7) 3251834121810 9 (49) Far West (5) 194104717135 7 (42)

13. High levels of uncertainty in both local and regional climate changes, complex and poorly understood (IPCC AR4 “white” spot) Limited data stations (placement, lack of resources: finances and human) AR5? Adaptation to climate change embedded in dynamic socio- economic contexts with multiple change drivers: demographic, land-use, informational, etc People also respond, autonomously but differently Political incentives and governance mechanism vary greatly, and with them the ability to develop and strategies (adaptation) Climate Change Adaptation Lenses

14. Re-thinking Responses Systemic perspective; within and between systems issues Constraint Analysis Adaptive response Adaptation is capacity to switch strategy as condition change (flexibility and incremental)

15. If we define adaptation as planned responses to specific projected impacts, then specific climate-targeted responses are required. If we conceive adaptation as an ongoing, process within complex evolving systems, then approaches that address points of vulnerability within systems are needed To the conceptual

16. Not only m 3 /s Head MW Kwh Ha irrigated etc per capita lit/person etc. But also Equity Efficiency Sustainability (flexibility and resilience) Transparency Participatory decision-making: gender and social inclusion Social differentials, ecosystems and the requirement of the mute For rivers and waters

17. Responses to all water problems need to be founded on principles of democratic governance.

18. Thank you for your time