1. Remote Sensing Platforms

2. Remote Sensing Platforms - Introduction Allow observer and/or sensor to be above the target/phenomena of interest Two primary categories –Aircraft –Spacecraft Each type offers different characteristics, advantages & disadvantages in terms of range, cost, stability, frequency, and scale

3. Types of Platforms Stationary –Hand-held / cranes –Captive/tethered balloons –Manned and unmanned –Useful for acquiring low altitude imagery with frequent coverage for dynamic phenomena –Relatively inexpensive, stable

4. Types of Platforms Lighter-than-air –Free floating balloonsballoons Restricted by atmospheric conditions Used to acquire meteorological/atmospheric data –Blimps/dirigibles Major role - news media/advertisers Helicopters –Can pin-point locations –Lack stability and vibrate

5. Unmanned Vehicles

6. Low Altitude Aircraft Generally operate below 30,000 ft Most widely used are single engine or light twin engine Imagery can be obtained by shooting out the window or placing camera mount on window or base of aircraft Suitable for obtaining image data for small areas (large scale)

7. High Altitude Aircraft Operate above 30,000 ft Includes jet aircraft with good rate of climb, maximum speed, and high operating ceiling Stable Acquire imagery for large areas (smaller scale)

8. U-2/ER-2 Lockheed U-2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft. Many U-2s are still in service as earth resource observation aircraft. Jensen, 2000 70,000 feet (21,000 m)

9. Advantages/Disadvantages of Aircraft Advantages –Acquire imagery under suitable weather conditions –Control platform variables such as altitude –Time of coverage can be controlled -- flexibility –Easy to mobilize Disadvantages –Expensive – primarily cost of aircraft –Less stable than spacecraft Drift off course Random attitude changes (turbulent motions) Motion blurring

10. Spacecraft Numerous programs Manned and unmanned systems

11. Range Range for spacecraft is determined by orbit, which is fixed in altitude and inclination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4k3kEA3 pmo –Sun synchronous – near polar; cross equator at approximately same local time each day –Geostationary – fixed orbit over equator; primarily meteorological systems More Information: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/page2.php

12. Aerial Photographic Systems

13. Aerial Support Hardware Used to improve quality of imagery by –Reducing effect of platform motion –Keeping attitude constant Image motion compensator –Moves film in same direction as aircraft at speed proportional to aircraft velocity Gyro Stabilization –Stabilizes camera within plane to keep it pointing –Adjusts orientation of camera if attitude of plane shifts

14. Aerial Cameras - Digital Uses area array of solid-state charge- coupled-device (CCD) detectors in place of film During exposure lens focuses light on bank of detectors Exposure causes an electrical charge that is related to amount of incident energy Electrical signal (analog) is converted to a digital brightness value

15. Aerial Cameras – Digital (cont) Single chip camera –Uses single full-frame CCD –Filter is placed over each pixel to capture red/green/blue or NIR/red/green wavelengths Three or Four camera system –Use 3 or 4 separate full-frame camera/CCDs –Each sensitive to different wavelength

16. Natural Color Primary colors –Red –Blue –Green Color characteristics –Hue – dominant  color  –Saturation – purity of color –Intensity (value) – light/dark Saturation Hue Intensity Color Theory

17. http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/emsVideo_04infraredwaves.html

21. http://map.sdsu.edu/aerial-photos.htm

22. Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR)

23. ADAR 5500 System

24. Satellite-based Systems: LANDSAT & SPOT

25. Landsat http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPbHDKgBBxA

26. Landsat System - History

27. Landsat – Satellite Weight ~ 2200 kg (5000 lbs) Length ~ 4.5 m (14 ft) Width ~ 3 m (9 ft)

28. Landsat – Orbit Sun synchronous, near polar ~ 705 km altitude 9:42 am equator crossing

29. Landsat Worldwide Reference System Location over earth catalogued by WRS path/row Each scene covers 185 km (wide) by 170 km (long)

30. 70’s 90’s 80’s

31. Deforestation in Bolivia from 1975 to 2000 Source: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery/landsat-deforestation-bolivia.html

32. Landsat - Thematic Mapper (TM) Introduced on Landsat 4 (1982) Improvement over MSS on Landsat 1-3 –Spectral – extended spectral region – visible, NIR, mid-IR and thermal –Spatial – 30m vs. 80m (120m for thermal) –Radiometric – 8-bit vs. 6-bit –Temporal – 16 day (Landsat 1-3, 18 day) –*note* MSS continued on Landsat 4 & 5

33. Landsat 4 & 5

34. SPOT Satellite System Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) French Space Agency & other European countries

35. SPOT – Launch Vehicle Ariane rocket – European design & manufacture Launch site – French Guiana

36. http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/143-spot-satellite-imagery

37. Landsat-TM SPOT-XS

38. SPOT HRV Design & Operation HRV (High Resolution Visible) Linear array ‘pushbroom’ system –Mirror focuses reflected energy on bank of detectors arranged side-by- side and perpendicular to satellite orbit track –A line of data is obtained by sampling detectors along the array 1 st dimension 2 nd dimension

39. SPOT Sensors SPOT 1 – 3 –two HRV sensors SPOT 4 & 5 –two HRV sensors –Vegetation sensor HRV sensor (High Resolution Visible) –panchromatic –multi-spectral VEGETATION sensor –multi-spectral

40. SPOT HRV - Panchromatic Panchromatic (PAN) Spatial resolution: 10 m Spectral resolution: 0.51 – 0.73  m

41. SPOT HRV – Multispectral Multispectral (XS) Spatial resolution: 20 m Spectral resolution –0.50-0.59  m –0.61-0.68  m –0.79-0.89  m –1.58-1.75  m (SWIR band added to SPOT 4)

42. SPOT - Pointability Increased imaging frequency

43. SPOT – Pointability (cont) Stereoscopic imaging Day 1Day 2

44. SPOT Pointability (cont)

45. NASA EOS – Earth Observing System Integrated experiment to study earth as a system Planned as imaging and non-imaging instruments on series of satellites to study different science objectives EOS AM-1, renamed Terra launched in 1999 EOS PM-1, renamed Aqua launched in 2002 Sensors include MODIS, ASTER, MISR, CERES, MOPITT

46. Other Satellite Systems

47. Remote Sensing Data available in San Diego 2007 Wildfires Areal Photos (NEOS – a light weighted aircraft), UAV (NASA’s Ikhana unmanned aircraft ) MODIS (NASA) FORMOSAT-2 (Taiwan’s NSPO) EO-1 (NASA) IKONOS (commercial) SPOT (commercial) QuickBird (commercial) GOES-W (NASA)

48. NASA Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) -- Ikhana http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/Features/200 7/wildfire_socal_10_07.html

49. MODIS (Terra and Aqua) 250m, 500m (daily) EO-1 (30m) – 16 days (not daily) Ikhana (UAV ) (small coverage) NASA GOES-W (b/w, very low resolution)

50. FORMOSAT-2 Imagery (high resolution, daily, large coverage, nature- color composites) November 8-19, 2007, FORMOSAT-2

51. MODIS TERRA MODIS AQUA FORMOSAT2 NEOS EO-1 IKONOS UAV

52. High Resolution Systems Commercial –Space Imaging – IKONOS –EarthWatch – QuickBird –OrbImage – OrbView3 –Linear array pushbroom –0.6 - 4 m spatial resolution –~ 10 x 10 km coverage per image –Visible, NIR, and Pan bands –High revisit (pointable) –Stereo coverage

53. On-screen Display

54. On-screen Display (cont.) True Color False Color IR False Color

55. Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA 30 x 30 m (bands 4,3,2 = RGB) Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA 30 x 30 m (bands 4,3,2 = RGB) Jensen, 2000

56. Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA 30 x 30 m (bands 7,4,2 = RGB) Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA 30 x 30 m (bands 7,4,2 = RGB) Jensen, 2000

57. QuickBird Panchromatic Satellite Imagery (0.6 m) 0.6 m

58. QuickBird Pan-Sharpened Satellite Imagery (0.6 m) 0.6 m

59. IKONOS Imagery of Columbia, SC Obtained on October 28, 2000 Panchromatic 1 x 1 m Pan-sharpened multispectral 4 x 4 m