1. Economies of Scale 1 Lesson Objectives: by the end of this lesson you should understand: The LRAC curve and how it derived The reasons for Economies of Scale and The different types of Economies of Scale Lesson Outcomes: by the end of this lesson you should be able to: Give examples of the different types of economies of scale and Explain using a diagram the effect of economies of scale You will also be able to explain the reasons for diseconomies of scale

2. Short run average costs and long-run average cost curves: factories of fixed size 2 SRAC 3 Costs Output O SRAC 4 SRAC 5 5 factories 4 factories 3 factories 2 factories 1 factory SRAC 1 SRAC 2 82p 54p Unit costs falling

3. SRAC 1 SRAC 3 SRAC 2 SRAC 4 SRAC 5 LRAC Costs Output O Short run average costs and long-run average cost curves: factories of fixed size – deriving the LRAC 3 The LRAC is derived from the SRAC curves. It is an ‘envelope’ for al the associated SRAC curves.

4. LRAC Costs Output O Short run average costs and long-run average cost curves: factories of fixed size – deriving the LRAC 4 Sometimes referred to as the “planning curve” Productive efficiency in the long run is achieved when output is produced at the bottom of the long run average cost curve

5. Production in the Long run and returns to scale Increasing returns to scale – Economies of Scale When the % change in output > % change in inputs E.g. a 30% rise in factor inputs leads to a 50% rise in output Long run average total cost will be falling Constant returns to scale When the % change in output = % change in inputs E.g when a 10% increase in all factor inputs leads to a 10% rise in total output Long run average total cost will be constant Decreasing returns to scale – Diseconomies of Scale When the % change in output < % change in inputs E.g when a 60% rise in factor inputs raises output by only 20% Long run average total cost will be rising 5

6. Output O Costs Long-run average costs and marginal costs 6 LRMC LRAC

7. Economies of Scale Economies of scale refers to the phenomena of decrease in per unit cost as the number of units of production increase. The initial investment in capital is diffused through an increase in production, and the marginal cost of producing a good or service decreases when each additional unit of production is added. Economies of scale tend to occur in industries with high capital costs. These costs can be distributed across a large number of units of production (both in absolute terms, and, especially, relative to the size of the market). 7

8. Movements and Shifts of the LRAC Internal and External Economies of Scale Due to the internal expansion of the business

9. Sources of Economies of Scale : One - Technical Economies The cost benefits of large scale capital 9 The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. An indivisible setup cost is the cost of an indivisible input for which a certain minimum amount of production must be undertaken before the input becomes economically feasible to use. Indivisibilities are more likely with capital intensive industries. E.g. A blast furnace or an oil refinery needs to be a certain minimum size to be cost effective

10. 5m 2m Transport container = Volume of 20m 3 Total Cost: Construction, driver, fuel, maintenance, insurance, road tax = £600 per journey AC = £30m 3 4m 10m 4m Transport Container 2 = Volume 160m 3 Total Cost = £1800 per journey AC = £11.25m 3 Cubic law can be applied where cubic volume increases more than proportionate to surface area The cost benefits of large scale capital – increased dimensions Sources of Economies of Scale: One - Technical Economies 10

11. Moving 10 000 tons instead of 100 (in one transaction) reduces unit costs by 40 to 50% 11 Sources of Economies of Scale: One - Technical Economies The cost benefits of large scale capital – increased dimensions Economies of scale – container ships http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7992136.stm

12. Warehousing/Storage Transportation Food Retailing Super-Cruisers Hotels Transatlantic airlines Motor manufacturing Oil & Gas distribution The cost benefits of large scale capital Sources of Economies of Scale : One - Technical Economies Amazon Warehouse

13. Sources of Economies of Scale: Two – Marketing Economies The cost benefits of large scale marketing Expensive advertising spending can be spread over huge volumes of sales – reduces the marketing costs per unit 13

14. Financial Economies Access to cheaper sources of finance Lower interest rates for larger businesses E.G. share issues and corporate bond finance 14 The cost benefits of large scale financing Sources of Economies of Scale: Three - Financial Economies

15. The cost benefits of employing specialist staff Sources of Economies of Scale: Four - Managerial Economies Savings in administrative costs by splitting up jobs (e.g. specialist buyers, production management) 15

16. Sources of Economies of Scale: Five – Network Economies The cost benefits of large networks 16 Examples of Network Economies –

17. Sources of Economies of Scale: Six – Bulk Purchasing Economies The cost benefits of buying in large quantities 17 As businesses grow they need to order larger quantities of production inputs. For example, they will order more raw materials. As the order value increases, a business obtains more bargaining power with suppliers. It may be able to obtain discounts and lower prices for the raw materials.

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19. 19 Minimum efficient scale Or MES

20. Economies of Scope refer to: 20 Utilization of excess capacity (especially in the presence of indivisibilities) Exploitation of reputation and brand identity

21. 21 Economies of Scope Common terms used in (implicitly) discussing economies of scope include: ‘ Leveraging core competencies’ ‘Competing on capabilities’ ‘Mobilising assets’

22. Economies of Scope cont’d The Volkswagen group 22 Do you notice anything similar about these cars?

23. External Economies of Scale External economies of scale exist when the long- term expansion of an industry leads to the development of ancillary services which benefit all or the majority of suppliers in the industry External economies partially explain the tendency for firms to cluster geographically The benefits of external economies of scale include – A local skilled labour force is available. – Specialist, and local back-up firms can supply parts or services. – An area that has a good transportation network. – An area that has an excellent reputation for producing a particular good. 23

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25. Evaluation: Potential Limits to Economies of Scale Limited total market demand for many products – Market demand may be insufficient for businesses to fully exploit the scale economies – “Niche markets” allow smaller-scale producers to supply at higher cost because consumers are willing to pay a higher price – Falling demand in a recession - capital will be under-utilised leading to excess capacity and rising average total costs Occupational immobility of capital equipment – Some large units of fixed capital may not be transferable to other uses if there is a sudden switch in consumer demand. 25

26. Diseconomies of Scale The disadvantages of large scale production that can lead to increasing average costs – Problems of management – Maintaining effective communication – Co-ordinating activities – often across the globe! Costs of administration and coordination of the workforce – De-motivation and alienation of staff – The risk of worker alienation or shirking because of the problems in monitoring the effectiveness of workers – The growth of corporate bureaucracy (i.e. which might be seen in excessive layers of management) 26

27. External Diseconomies of Scale These occur when too many firms have located in one area Local labour becomes scarce and firms now have to bid wages higher to attract and retain new workers Land and factories become scarce and rents begin to rise The local traffic infrastructure become congested and so transport costs begin to rise 27