1. Objectives Define a mineral. What is a mineral? Describe how minerals form. Identify the most common elements in Earth’s crust.

2. Minerals form rocks and shape Earth’s surface. Some have played a role in shaping civilization. What is a mineral? Earth’s crust is composed of about 3000 minerals. What is a mineral?

3. Mineral Characteristics A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure. What is a mineral?

4. Mineral Characteristics What is a mineral? Naturally Occurring and Inorganic –they are formed by natural processes. –they aren’t alive and never were.

5. Mineral Characteristics Solids with Specific Compositions What is a mineral? –All minerals are solids. –Unique chemical composition. –Vast majority are made from compounds. Fe 2 O 3 NaCl SiO 4

6. Mineral Characteristics Definite Crystalline Structure What is a mineral? –A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns. Cubic Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic

7. Mineral Characteristics Definite Crystalline Structure What is a mineral? Cubic

8. Mineral Characteristics Definite Crystalline Structure What is a mineral?

9. Minerals From Magma What is a mineral? Magma is molten material found beneath Earth’s surface. Rapidly cooling magma = Small crystals Slowly cooling magma = Large crystals

10. Minerals From Magma What is a mineral?

11. Minerals from Solution Saturated: a solution holds as much solute as possible (filled-up) What is a mineral? –Precipitation: solids form out of saturated solutions. –Evaporation: elements left behind arrange into crystals (evaporites).

12. Mineral Groups About 30 minerals are common in Earth’s crust. What is a mineral? These are mostly the rock-forming minerals. Vast majority of minerals are made up of only eight common elements.

13. Mineral Groups What is a mineral?

14. Mineral Groups Silicates What is a mineral? –Silicates are minerals that contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more other elements. –96 percent of the minerals in Earth’s crust. –Most common minerals: feldspar and quartz

15. Mineral Groups Carbonates What is a mineral? –One or more metallic elements + the carbonate ion, CO 3. –limestone, coquina, and marble. (calcium carbonate)

16. Mineral Groups Oxides What is a mineral? –Oxides are compounds of oxygen and a metal. –Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) are common iron oxides and good sources of iron.

17. Mineral Groups What is a mineral?

18. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ mineral ___ crystal ___ magma ___ silicate What is a mineral? A.minerals that contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more other elements B.a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and definite crystalline structure C.a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns D.molten material found beneath Earth’s surface B C D A

19. Section Assessment 2.What are the two ways that minerals can form from a supersaturated solution? What is a mineral? Mineral crystals can precipitate, or drop out of solution if the solution becomes supersaturated. Minerals can also form when liquid evaporates from a supersaturated solution leaving behind the elements which may begin to arrange into crystals.

20. _______There are about 30 common minerals in Earth’s crust. _______Slowly cooling magma produces small crystals. _______Coal is a mineral. _______ Silicates are the most common minerals on Earth. _______ Well-defined crystal shapes are rare. Section Assessment 3.Identify whether the following statements are true or false. What is a mineral? true false true

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