1. Prehistory

2. Archaeology and Prehistory Archaeology is a branch of anthropology Archaeology is a branch of anthropology Archaeologists constantly re- evaluate conclusions in their study of past humans / hominids Archaeologists constantly re- evaluate conclusions in their study of past humans / hominids

3. The Ice Age… 1 million to approximately 9 thousand years ago 1 million to approximately 9 thousand years ago Glaciers covered 1/3 of the northern hemisphere four times Glaciers covered 1/3 of the northern hemisphere four times Humans migrated Humans migrated Sea level dropped and land bridges formed Sea level dropped and land bridges formed

4. http://www.becominghuman.org Prologue and Evidence Documentary Prologue and Evidence Documentary Why is Hadar, Ethiopia important to archeological study? Why is Hadar, Ethiopia important to archeological study? Who is LUCY? Why is her Who is LUCY? Why is her discovery significant? How did early hominids How did early hominids utilize their environment?

6. Paleolithic Era Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus africanus – 2.5 to 4 million years ago Homo habilis – 2.5 million years ago Homo erectus – 1.8 million years ago Neanderthals – 230,000 to 35,000 years ago – mysteriously died out?

8. Homo habilis

9. Homo erectus

13. Human versus Non-Human Apes Human Parabolic jaw Parabolic jaw Chin Chin Small canines Small canines No diastema No diastema Fully upright posture Fully upright posture Little sexual dimorphism Little sexual dimorphism Non-Human Apes Parallel sided jaw Parallel sided jaw No chin No chin Enlarged canines Enlarged canines Diastema (space to lock canines) Diastema (space to lock canines) No permanent upright posture No permanent upright posture Strong sexual dimorphism Strong sexual dimorphism

15. Paleolithic Era Homo sapiens emerged in Africa 100,000 to 400,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged in Africa 100,000 to 400,000 years ago Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals

16. Homo sapien

17. Human Expansion

20. Paleolithic Highlights Overcame the environment to survive!  Hunter and Gatherer Society  Nomadic  Invented first tools and simple weapons  Learned how to make fire  Lived in social groupings  Created “cave art”

21. Cave Art Look at the following slides depicting cave paintings from the Cro Magnon culture. Why do you think prehistoric groups painted cave walls? What do you think that these paintings mean?

22. Cave Art - Lascaux, France

25. Paleolithic Tools

26. Neolithic Era

27. Homo sapiens sapiens – 40,000 years ago until today 11,000 years ago with the establishment of agriculture and development of cities Period between the Hunter/ Gatherer and Early Civilization

28. Neolithic Town Life Jericho – first city Jericho – first city Catal Huyuk – Catal Huyuk – largest city

30. Neolithic Highlights Beginning of settled social groups!  Domesticated animals  Developed agriculture  Used advanced tools  Made pottery  Developed weaving skills  Beginning of town life

31. Neolithic Funeral Pottery

32. Neolithic Archaeological Sites Stonehenge is an example of an archeological site in England that began during the Neolithic Age – and was finished during the Bronze Age