1. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth

2. Tectonic Plates Magma is like a conveyer belt (see right): Heated magma moves up towards the crust, cools and goes downward. Riding above this system are tectonic plates. They are large moving pieces that form the earth’s crust.

4. Faults When two plates meet, folding/cracking of the rock can happen. Sometimes rock is not flexible and will crack under the pressure of plate movement. This fracture in the earth’s crust is called a fault.

5. Earthquakes What is an earthquake? A violent movement of transitioning plates. Seismograph: Device used to measure an earthquake. Focus: Below Ground – Where it Starts Epicenter: Above Ground – Where we feel it.

6. Earthquake Damage Haiti – January 2010

7. Types of Earthquake Damage Landslides Displacement of land Fires (broken gas lines) Collapsed buildings Tsunamis (see right): Can travel from epicenter at 450 mph. Can produce waves of 50 to 100 feet – or higher.

8. Volcanoes Magma, gases and water from the crust or mantle collect underground. They eventually pour out of a crack in the earth’s surface. Magma that reaches the earth’s surface is called lava. To the right: Mt. St. Helen’s – May 1980 Washington

9. The Ring of Fire