2. Volcanic activity sites along boundaries

4. Where do volcanoes occur—and why? Divergent [MOR] boundaries – About 75% of erupted lava is found here – Basaltic magma; low viscosity, therefore it flows easily! – Oceanic crust ranges from about 2 km to 10 km thick Convergent plate boundaries – Forms about 10% of all erupted magma (on continents or ocean floor) – Ocean-continent or ocean-ocean plate collisions – Volcanoes contain mainly andesite, intermediate in composition Isolated hot spots – Under oceanic plates - Hawaii – Under continental plates – Yellowstone NP – At plate boundaries - Iceland

5. Lithosphere and asthenosphere

6. Volcanic features Composite volcano Basaltic lava flow

7. Volcanoes in Ring of Fire

8. Hawaiian Islands and seamounts

9. Distance vs age in Hawaiian Islands

10. Products of volcanic activity Magma becomes lava and other products of eruption Lava flows – Basalt flows faster and farther – Higher silica content means slower flowing lava, such as rhyolites Pyroclastic debris – Due to high gas content of magma Volcanic gases – Many not-so-nice gases

11. Components of Volcanic Eruptions Role of gases Volcanic explosivity Mineral composition – Role of silica content – Presence of different elements

13. Layers of basalt along Columbia River

14. Mauna Loa, HI, shield volcano

15. Cinder cone General structure of cinder cone Sunset Crater, AZ

16. Composite or stratovolcano

17. Domes Elden Mt in Flagstaff Dome inside Mt St Helens

18. Observe flow down hillside

19. Caldera Lake Atitlan in central Guatemala

20. Types of Volcanic Hazards Gas emissions Lava flows Lahars Pyroclastic flows Directed blasts Landslides and tsunami Earthquakes

21. Gas emissions Up to 9% of composition Water vapor (ranges from 50 to >80%) Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Lesser gases – HCl, HF, Cl Creates vesicles when trapped in lava

22. Fig. 7.05a W. W. Norton Consider distribution of fallout material away from source

23. Lava flows Extruded magma creates lava Movement controlled by composition and temperature More basaltic, greater flow due to simple chemistry (most common type) Can flow hundreds of kilometers

24. Hawaii basalt lake

25. Lahars due to snowmelt Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia Toutle River, near Mt St Helens

26. Pyroclastic flows Combination of gases, ash and other debris Up to 100s of meters thick Can travel at >200 km per hour

27. Mount Rainier, WA

28. Activity around Mt Rainier, WA

29. Directed blasts

30. Landslides and tsunami

31. Earthquakes Caused by rising magma Usually small magnitude events Mostly shallow source

32. Human toll through history Mount Vesuvius, Italy 79 AD Mount Tambora, Indonesia 1815 (famine) Krakatua, Indonesia 1883 (tsunami) Mount St. Helens 1980 (last in continental US) Lake Nyos 1986 – expulsion of carbon dioxide Mount Pinatubo, Philippines 1991 Many others listed in Table 3.3 (p.72 of text)

33. Events are Mt St Helens Look at the stages of development of the eruption What were the precursors? Relatively few died (about 60)

34. Precursors to help mitigate damage Active, dormant, or extinct structures Possible signals of eruptions – Seismic activity changes – Surface heat – Surface bulge – Gas emissions

35. Type of volcano Viscosity (fluidity) Volatiles (gas content) VolumeExamples ShieldLow LargeHawaii Flood basaltLow Very largeDeccan, Columbia River ScoriaMedium SmallParicutin, Stromboli Stratovolcano (composite) High LargeVesuvius, Rainier, Fujiyama CalderaHigh Very largeCrater Lake, OR, Krakatoa Lava domesHighLowSmallIn crater of Mt St Helens; Mt Elden

36. Sample Questions – Convection cells in the mantle rise and generate what feature on the ocean floor above the cells? (a) continental plates, (b) active subduction, (c) convergent boundaries, (d) the mid-ocean ridge – The concept of plate tectonics is classified as a(n): (a) theory, (b) hypothesis,(c) law or principle, (d) unaccepted idea.