1. Chapter 1 First Humans Prehistory-3500 B.C. pages 2-20

2. SOL Standards Chapter 1
STANDARD WHI.2a The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by a) explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gatherer societies. Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. b) listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire. Hunter-gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) • Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) • Invented the first tools, including simple weapons • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans • Developed oral language • Created “cave art”

3. c) describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities. Societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) • Developed agriculture (Domesticated Plants) • Domesticated animals • Used advanced tools • Made pottery • Developed weaving skills d) explaining how archaeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples. -Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts. -Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts. -Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

4. Section 1 Early Humans
Big Idea: Human life developed in different stages over millions of years and by 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapien Sapiens had spread throughout the world.

5. Ancient Buildings and Monuments
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.
Artifacts are those things that people left behind, they can include:
Tools and Weapons
Art and Sculpture
Pottery
Important to remember that everything we study in history is used to create and make a picture of the past.
Historians study written records people have left behind to create ideas and theories about what the past looked like.
We are starting with the prehistory and during this time there are not written records because early humans have not yet developed a system of writing.
For this history we depend on a different type of historical / Biological study known as archaeology. Artifacts are used as a way to tell the story of early humans.
Go through the pictures and ask student what each could tell use about early humans.
Then click on the art and sculpture picture to connect t to the tour of Lascaux cave in southwestern France.
Discovered 1940
Paintings done more than 17,000 years ago
Closed off to public because of carbon dioxide deteriorating the art 1963
Ancient Buildings and Monuments
Human Remains
Jewelry

6. The study of human life and culture
The remains of ancient plants and animals.
By studying fossils archaeologists and anthropologists can learn about what people ate, what animals they had around, and their way of life.
Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive
All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive.
Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5000 years. That means it takes 5,000 years for half of the Carbon 14 in something to break down.
If we know how much Carbon 14 something has left we can count back to how much is had to begin with to determine the age of the artifact. Is limited to things 50,000 years old or less.
Anthropology is like archaeology with studying artifacts but anthropologist focus on more than just the object but how it played an actual role in the creating the culture. How was their society structured? Was there a Hierarchy? Who hunted? Men or women? They also focus on fossils.
By studying fossils you can tell how old someone was and even if they may have had a family from whether the pelvis of a female skeletal remain has widened for the purpose of birth.
In order to create a picture from there a fossils or artifacts it is important to record the location they are found in, analyze the sediment layers around the object, and then to date how old the object is so it can fit onto the timeline of life or in our case World History.
Thermo-luminescence is used for objects 2000,000 or older.
Thermo – Luminescence is used for objects 200,000 years or older by measuring light given off from trapped electrons in the soil.
DNA has also proven useful in answering questions as what happen to early species of human.

7. Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet.
The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago.
Homo habilis- meaning handy human was a phase between Australopithecus and Homo Erectus that emerged between million years ago.
Second stage in early human development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged about 1.8 million years ago.
These were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia.
They also used more complex tools
Scientist have been able to piece together a theory of what they believe is the timeline of human development. I say theory because history is forever changing just like science with new discoveries.
First thing is to categorize the group we are focusing on which are called hominids.
First homid discovered was by Louis and Mary Leakey 1959 – they assumed during this time that hominids began to walk upright in order to use tools. The hominid was 1.8 mil old
After Donald Johnson changed this theory with the discovery of another hominid about 3.5 mil old named Lucy who was of common ancestry to the one discovered by the Leakey’s. Lucy was named Austrolopithecus. There were no stone tools ever discovered in any locations with her species which meant that walking upright had been a development long before tools.
Homo Habilis came next with a larger brain than Lucy and was probably the first to develop stone tools.
Homo Erectus had even a larger brain and was the first hominid to have limbs proportional to that of modern humans.
It is important to realize that these developments in human development and are focused on the development of the human brain.

8. About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.
Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”
This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany.
Thought to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago; they lived in Europe and Turkey.
They used stone tools, and buried their dead. It is thought they had some primitive religious beliefs.
It was originally thought that they were killed off by homo sapiens sapiens, but new evidence has recently emerged that shows that there was some genetic mixing between the two groups.
Remember that Homo Erectus was the first to leave Africa and because of this the groups separated and travelled to other parts of the world. This resulted in the next step of hominid development “Homo Sapiens.”
Homo Sapiens showed rapid brain growth and the mastering of fire. The Result was two emerging groups: homo Sapiens Sapiens and Neanderthals.
Neanderthals were discovered in Neander Germany and had a few distinct characteristics. They were short and stocky with broad shoulders and brow bones. Their DNA is also responsible for why people of European decent can ward off different disease than those of Africa or Asian decent.
Neanderthals
Homo Sapiens Sapiens

9. There are two theories for this migration:
Modern Human Beings
Believed to have appeared in Africa between 150, ,000 years ago
Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.
Believed by many to have replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C..
By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.
There are two theories for this migration:
One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world.
The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times.
The timing and the reasons for early migration are still debated, but many agree that food and climate played a big role. Geographical affects and climate did allow for many new avenues for migration to take place and one of the most believed theories is the Bering strait theory.

10. This is how it is commonly believed that early humans made there way to the Americas and began to establish their own distinct cultures and civilizations.
During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America

11. Paleolithic man lived in groups called clans.
“Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone
Paleolithic= Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because early man used stone to make his tools and weapons.
Paleolithic man lived in groups called clans.
These clans got their food by Hunting and Gathering
Once the food supply ran out they would move to a different area.
Because they moved from place to place they were Nomadic.
Essential Knowledge
Were Nomadic: Wandered from place to place in search of food and shelter
Invented the first tools and weapons including simple stone tools.
Lived in groups called clans of about people, used caves for shelter.
Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food.
Developed oral, or spoken language
Made cave art and statues.
The role of men was to do the hunting
The role of women was gathering and caring for children

12. Early ideas about religion are often called sympathetic magic.
Gathering was a more reliable source of food and so in Paleolithic society it is thought that it may have been Matriarchal, or female dominated.
Women were often seen at the time as symbols of life and fertility. Many ancient religions were centered around the worship of the earth and the woman was often representative of the earth and life because of the fact that women gave birth.
Early ideas about religion are often called sympathetic magic.
It is thought that early man often drew, or made representations of what he/she wanted to happen. Fertility statues for having many children, paintings of successful hunts etc.
Other source state that the societies may have been equal since men and women both had to play their part to keep the clan alive.
We will see through the course of this chapter that the image of women versus men will eventually start to change. In Native American cultures women held higher status roles than the women in the white culture and sometimes when they were kidnapped by native peoples they did not want to return to their own society because of the cultural differences.

13. Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment.
Use of Fire
Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment.
It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting two rocks together.
Ice Ages
Fire was very important during the ice ages. Without fire man would not have been able to survive.
Cave Art
Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion?
Fire also helped with the heating of shelters and the cooking of food starting the change in digestion which has resulted in how humans only eat cooked meat today.
Shelter was also an adaption during this time to protect man from the elements.
Art will be a focus of human development and the displaying of ideas for the rest of this course.