1. Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences in Your Writing

2. Once a writer knows the difference between the three sentence types (simple, compound, and complex), it is possible to write with sentence variety. Sentence variety helps make your writing more interesting.

3. Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

4. Sample Simple Sentences
The cat crept through the dark house.
The wary mouse watched from underneath an upturned cereal box.
The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his surroundings.
The mouse darted for the safety of the nearly invisible hole under the cabinet.

5. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses.
Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses. (Hint: The conjunctions spell FANBOYS.)
The conjunction used can impact the meaning of the sentence.

6. Sample Compound Sentences
The cat was unsuccessful in his attempt to catch the mouse, and the mouse was equally as unlucky in his attempt to get the cheese.
The dog had watched all of this, but he had refused to become involved.
The mouse could wait until dark, or he could risk a daylight raid on the pantry.
The cat usually slept during the day, yet curiosity held him at the corner of the kitchen.

7. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.
A subordinating conjunction begins the dependent clauses.
A dependent clause that begins a sentence must be followed by comma.
A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.

8. Subordinating Conjunctions
After how Until
Although if Unless
As in as much   as if
in order that When as long as
At least Whenever as much as
now that whereas soon
wherever as though Since
While because so that
Before even if That
even though   though

9. Sample Complex Sentences
After he gave it some thought, the mouse decided to wait until later for his trek.
The cat fell asleep on the warm kitchen because he was deprived of sleep the night before.
When the mouse heard the soft snoring of his sleeping nemesis, he scurried to the pantry and grabbed enough food for a week.
The dedicated, feline sleuth keeps his nightly vigil even though the foresighted mouse will not be venturing out this week.

10. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
The same subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce the dependent clauses.
The same coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) are used for joining the independent clauses.

11. Sample Compound-Complex Sentences.
After the two adversaries had spent years playing this “cat and mouse” game, they were joined by their children, and the fun continued.
Even though it seems the two were bent on the other’s destruction, the cat and mouse were rather fond of one another, and neither wanted the other’s defeat.
This game was begun thousands of years ago, and it will continue far into the future as other cats and mice revel in hide-and-seek.

12. Test Yourself – Simple, Compound, Complex, or Compound-Complex?
1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance.
2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping.
3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping.
4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament, and their more aggressive style did not pay off.
5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals.
6. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard, but Stacy did not understand the material.

13. Appositive and Appositive Phrases
They modify and describe!

14. Appositive Recognize an appositive when you see one.
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples:
The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.

15. Appositives are so cool!
Here’s the 411 on appositives:
They are a noun or pronoun
They are placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it
They give us extra information about the noun or pronoun

16. Here’s an example of an appositive:
The teacher, Ms. Abele, is the most interesting person I have ever met.
See!
Ms. Abele is a noun
It’s modifying “teacher” (noun)
It’s placed beside the noun or pronoun it’s modifying
And it’s giving us extra information!

17. Here’s another example:
I chose one person, her, to organize the book room.
Is “her” a noun or pronoun?
What is it modifying?
Is “person” a noun or pronoun?
Is “her” just extra information?
Then we have an appositive!

18. Here’s a tough one with 3 appositives:
Rachel Carson, a biologist and writer, published the book Silent Spring in 1962.
Where are the appositives?
Yes… biologist, writer, and Silent Spring!
Good job!!!!

19. Practice: Where are the appositives?
Charles Dickens is known for his novel Great Expectations.
The scientist Marie Curie was born in 1867.
Her husband, Pierre Curie, was also a scientist.
The novelist Jack London wrote Call of the Wild.
Nathan Studied the explorer Vasco da Gama.
Karen’s brother, Darren, plays the flute.
The character Tom appears in Chapter One.
His cousin Ellen has a magnificent stamp collection.
The famous baseball player Hank Aaron hit 755 home runs.

20. F.Y.I.
**If the appositive is set off by commas, that means we don’t really need it in the sentence to complete the meaning and can be taken out.
Example: My mom, Regina, volunteers at the city library.
**If the appositive does not have any commas around it, we NEED it in the sentence to complete the meaning.
Example: The book Sounder is John’s favorite novel.

21. Appositive Phrases This is an appositive + its modifiers
They work just like appositives do (give extra information, modify nouns or pronouns, etc.)
Example: Officer Webb, one of the security guards, caught the burglar.
(The adjective phrase of the security guards modifies the appositive ONE and the whole thing is the appositive phrase.)

22. Here’s another example:
Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian painter known for his artworks, was also an architect, engineer, and scientist.
(The whole phrase is giving us information, can be taken out, and contains the appositive – painter)
~Here’s the same sentence without the appositive phrase:
Leonardo da Vinci was also an architect, engineer, and scientist.
Still makes sense!

23. Practice: Where are the appositive phrases?
Pedro, a tall and slender man, rescued the kitten from the tree.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was the first European to reach India by sea.
Last week, Freddie witnessed an odd event, a pig and a cat taking a nap together.
The professor, a woman of keen insight, explained her interpretation of the story.
The band played “Panther Pride,” the school’s fight song, during the graduation ceremony.
Hank Aaron, the right fielder from Alabama, broke Babe Ruth’s record for home runs.

24. QUESTIONS???
FIN