1. Low Income Housing Tax Credits in the USA Vic O’Brien Development Director GreenSquare Group Study supported by

2. Low Income Housing Tax Credits in the USA Context of the research

3. HCA grant reduced to c. £25k per unit Pressure on HA asset cover HA production limited UK housing crisis/ low house production

4. Solutions? Can a way be found of developing without recourse to asset cover? How do we fund affordable housing in the context of reducing grant and s106 opportunities?

5. The USA approach Alternative funding systems using equity investment and tax credits Not much UK information on this form of funding Winston Churchill Memorial Trust

6. Study supported by Low Income Housing Tax Credits in the USA The Study

7. How does US system work? Are their elements of the US funding system we could apply in the UK? Visited 60 contacts in Boston, Washington DC, New York North Carolina and New Haven

9. Low Income Housing System Structure Developers Syndicators Investors State Housing Finance Agencies US Department of Homes and Urban Development Lobbyist, advisors and trade bodies Inland Revenue Service (IRS)

10. Funding structure - project Investor CInvestor AInvestor B 99.99% Limited Liability Company (LLC) 0.1% Syndicator (General Partner) 0.1% 99.99% Developer(General Partner) Upper Tier Lower Tier (Development Project) Limited Liability Company(LLC)

11. Funding market FUND Syndicator Upper Tier Lower Tier

12. State HFAs Prepare Qualified Allocation Plans –Quality requirements –Cap allocations per scheme –Allocate tax credits –Manage programme –Organise compliance

13. State support Grant as loans (Groans) Free and discounted land Section 8 Linkage

14. Rents Average Median Income Maximum income 60%, 50%, 40% of AMI Housing costs = 30% of Income Issue of Extremely Low Income (ELI)

15. Quality Larger floor areas Apartments High quality finishes Property manager and residents’ lounge

16. Compliance State compliance assessments Syndicator Investor Operator Breaches reported to IRS = Tax Credit reduction Failure rate very low at less than 0.7%

17. Developers Neighbourhood Development Corporations Larger non-profit developers Private developers

18. Study supported by Low Income Housing Tax Credits in the USA How the system works

19. Tax Credits – reduction in tax $1 for $1 Congress distributes LIHTC to each state on per head basis HFAs create QAP and call for bids Tax Credits allocated to winning bids Developers build project and lets Investor claims Tax Credits from IRS

20. Community Re-investment Act Response to ‘red lining’ Banks rated on community banking performance Banks need high CRA rating LIHTC way of supporting CRA rating

21. Pricing of LIHTC LIHTCs are ‘priced’ through competition under QAPs Price in urban coastal areas is high and low in central continental areas Market crash and corporate investors The role of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae

22. Issues Inefficient Taxable income required for 10 years Affordable housing not permanent Focus on assets rather than customer service Housing industry fragmented and with limited assets

23. UK LIHTC LIHTC creates equity investment in affordable housing no requirement to service LIHTC investment from rent Creates first loss funding so no pressure on HA asset bases

24. UK LIHTC Improve on USA system –Minimise inefficiency –Permanent LIHTC affordable homes –Aggregate how funds are raised –Channel through HCA? Further research on the net tax revenue impact required

25. Study supported by Low Income Housing Tax Credits in the USA Recommendations

26. Assessment of LIHTC in the UK Review of how HCA could support a UK LIHTC system NDCs – could we create a UK version? Learning: large apartment blocks of affordable housing in US

27. Recommendations Set up first loss investment funds to support affordable housing development Create market for tradable equity and debt in HAs Promote and invest in Community Development Funding Institutions

34. Study supported by