2.  What Is Intelligence? Adaptive thinking or actions (Piaget) Ability to think abstractly, solve problems?  Characteristics of Intelligence Genetic determination about 50% Environmental influence about 50%  Creativity: Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context, valued by others

3.  A trait – can be identified, measured  A single attribute? Spearman  Many attributes? Thurstone Seven primary mental abilities  Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning  IQ tests and IQ score - Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests attempt to measure an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings.

4.  Fluid Intelligence: Decreases in older adults Used to solve novel problems Skills: reasoning, seeing relationships, inferences, Free of cultural influences  Crystallized Intelligence: Increases with age Knowledge from experiences (learned) General information, vocabulary, etc.

5.  Not measured with IQ tests: 8 types 1) Linguistic 2) Logical-mathematical 3) Musical 4) Spatial 5) Bodily-kinesthetic 6) Interpersonal 7) Intrapersonal 8) Naturalist

6.  Extraordinary talent in one area  Otherwise mentally retarded  Musical, artistic, calculation abilities

7.  Practical (Contextual) Component Adapting to the environment “Street smart,” age group, culture, etc.  Creative (Experiential) Component Response to novelty  Analytical (Componential) Component Information processing Efficiency of strategies  Intelligent answers, not correct ones!! How well can you succeed in life?

8. Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

9.  The “standard” in traditional IQ testing  Age-graded items used  Older Version: Concept of mental age (MA) IQ = MA/CA X 100 MA- mental age CA – chronological age IQ score of 100 is average 12 year old child who has a MA of 10 has an IQ of… 10 year old child who has a MA of 14 has an IQ of…

10.  Widely Used Today WPPSI: ages 3-8 WISC-IV: ages 6-16 WAIS-IV: adults  Five IQ Scores Derived Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) Working Memory Index (WMI) Processing Speed Index (PSI) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI

12. Normal Distribution

13.  Developmental Quotient (DQ) Bayley Scales: Ages 2-30 months Correlations with Child IQ are low to zero Useful for diagnostic purposes  Best Predictors of IQ Measures of information processing e.g., attention, speed of habituation, preference for novelty

14.  DQ does not predict later IQ  IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ  IQ Gains Due to: Parents who foster achievement Neither strict nor lax parenting  IQ Drops: Poverty Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis

16.  Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty) Formal operational thinking Improved memory and processing skills Stability of IQ evident  IQ score a good predictor of school achievement

17.  Strong Relationships Between: IQ and occupational prestige IQ and job performance IQ and good health/longevity  IQ decline by age 80 (longitudinal studies) C-S studies show cohort effects Fluid IQ peaks at about age 24 Crystallized (verbal) unchanged until 80’s

18.  Decline: Poor health, unstimulating lifestyle  Gain (or maintain) Above average SES Intact marriages Intellectually capable spouses Active lifestyles  “Use it or lose it!”

19.  The Flynn Effect: Increases in IQ generally  Genes: Accounts for half (Twin studies)  Home environment; higher SES helps Environment is powerful Parental involvement and stimulation  Firstborn, smaller family are advantages  Racial and ethnic differences Stereotype threat Culture bias in IQ test (need more culture-free tests)

20.  Raven’s Progressive Matrices Psychologists created “culture-reduced” tests without language. It tests abstract reasoning ability (non-verbal intelligence or performance IQ)

21.  Below-average intellectual functioning: IQ 70  Limited adaptive behavior: Before age 18 Self-care and social skills (ADL’s)  Below age-appropriate expectations  Causes Organic: e.g., Down syndrome Cultural-familial: genes & environment

23.  High IQ  Special abilities: math, arts, leadership  Renzuli: combination high IQ, creativity, and task commitment  Can be identified by 18 months  Terman’s “Termites” Remarkable into adulthood Well adjusted

24.  Ability to produce novel responses  Divergent thinking: A variety of solutions  Convergent Thinking Focusing on best solution Measured by IQ test

25.  Freedom, originality, humor, violence, playfulness  More fantasy and pretend play  More open to new experience  Little genetic influence: Related to home Value nonconformity and independence Encouragement of curiosity and playfulness Freedom to explore independently

26.  Increases in the 20’s, 30’s, and early 40’s Then declines  Peak Times Vary by Fields Humanities scholars peak in 60’s Artists peak in 30’s and 40’s Scientists peak from 40’s to 70’s  Enthusiasm and experience required.