1. 1 | Program Name or Ancillary Texteere.energy.gov The Parker Ranch installation in Hawaii Selecting the Optimal Alternative Fuel Vehicles for Your Fleet Julian Bentley June 28, 2012 LMI FedFleet Conference 2012 Louisville, KY

2. 2 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AGENDA Our Goals for Transportation Fuels Overview of AFV Technologies AFVs in the FedFleet AFV Markets

3. 3 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Federal fleets will reach this vision by reducing fleet GHG emissions through reduced petroleum consumption E.O. 13514 Section 12 established the vision for Federal Fleet Energy Management Federal fleet energy management: Overarching goals “Integrated agency strategy for sustainability, including reducing GHG emissions, within the Federal government” “To lead by example and achieve a clean energy economy”

4. 4 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov The driving principles of petroleum reduction Reducing VMT in completing mission Consolidating trips Video and Web conferencing Using mass transportation/shuttles Improving routing Replacing existing vehicles with higher fuel economy vehicles Right-sizing vehicles Includes HEVs and LSEVs Operational changes Improved maintenance Driving more efficiently Avoiding Idling Maximize displacement of petroleum w/ alternative fuels E85, CNG, etc. that require infrastructure and AFVs B20 that requires infrastructure EVs and charging infrastructure

5. 5 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Use Alternative Fuels Alternative fuels include but are not limited to: –E85 –Compressed natural gas (CNG) –Liquefied natural gas (LNG) –Liquefied petroleum gas or propane (LPG) –Neat (100%) biodiesel (B100) or biodiesel blends –Electricity Dual-fueled AFVs MUST use alternative fuel: –E85 FFVs, –Bi-fuel CNG or LNG vehicles, and –Bi-fuel LPG vehicles.

6. 6 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AGENDA Our Goals for Transportation Fuels Overview of AFV Technologies AFVs in the FedFleet AFV Markets

7. 7 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Comparison of AFV technologies Purchase Fuel Fuel availability (number of stations) Number On-road today Small volume OEM conversions Retrofits Large volume OEMs (GM, Ford, Chrysler) Hybrids 3% market share PHEVs and BEVs emerging Current Market

8. 8 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Alternative Fuels – GHG emission reductions (lifecycle) Gas or Diesel Corn Grid Renewable E85 Cellulosic B20 Renewable Soybean Waste Grease Nat. Gas HEV Grid PHEV BEV Electric LPG LNG CNG

9. 9 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AFV technologies and Federal Fleets Primary Vehicle Classes LDVsMDVs and HDVsAll LSEVs LDVs E85 available (on-site or local) High-fuel use location CNG/LNG available (on-site or local) LPG available (on-site or local) Alternative fuel not available or Campus-type setting (LSEVs) or Local driving (BEVs)

10. 10 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AGENDA Our Goals for Transportation Fuels Overview of AFV Technologies AFVs in the FedFleet Future AFV Markets

11. 11 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AFVs increasing share of Federal Fleet

12. 12 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov In FY11, AFVs represented 31 percent of the Federal Fleet (domestic) FY11 Composition of the Federal Fleet

13. 13 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Need to acquire dual-fuel AFVs based on fuel availability Federal fleets more than doubled their AFV acquisition requirements but …over 71,000 Federal dual- fuel AFVs received waivers for AF use

14. 14 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov AGENDA Our Goals for Transportation Fuels Overview of AFV Technologies AFVs in the FedFleet AFV Markets

15. 15 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Strategize Alternative Fuels and Biodiesel Blends Identify Optimal Alternative Fuel and Biodiesel Strategies Step 1: Evaluate the fueling options available at each fleet location Step 2: Evaluate availability of alternative fuel and biodiesel blends at each fleet location Step 3: Determine potential use of alternative fuel or biodiesel blends at the fleet location Step 4: Identify optimal alternative fuel/ biodiesel strategies based on Steps 1–3 Step 5: Determine AFV and diesel vehicle acquisition strategies

16. 16 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Strategize: Electric Vehicles Identifying Optimal Electric Vehicle Strategies Step 1: Identify optimal electric vehicle strategies based on fleet location characteristics Step 2: Identify conventional-fuel vehicles that are not candidates to be replaced with AFVs or use biodiesel Step 3: Evaluate availability of EVs to replace conventional-fuel vehicles Step 4: Evaluate life cycle costs for acquisition of EVs

17. 17 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Mandated growth of ethanol market translates to increased E85 use E85 (or other higher ethanol blends) needed to support cellulosic ethanol mandates E85 and related infrastructure is needed to support cellulosic ethanol

18. 18 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov E85 infrastructure is underdeveloped Out of 169,000 commercial stations, roughly 2,500 offer E85 Many FFV owners do not have access to E85 Geographic limitations in E85 availability (Midwest) How do we solve the E85 infrastructure gap? Problem 1: Commercial Availability of E85 Out of 250 million passenger vehicles, only 9 million are FFVs (4%) Federal Fleets can help promote E85 infrastructure development Most located in areas where E85 is not commercially available 33% of Federal fleet LDVs are FFVs (156,000 E85 FFVs) Problem 2: Concentration of E85 FFVs to use E85

19. 19 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Many E85 FFVs available from GSA Sedans & Station Wagons Subcompact Ford Focus Compact (4 cylinder) Chevy Malibu Compact (6 cylinder) Dodge Avenger Ford Fusion Midsize Chevy Impala Chevy Impala Police Dodge Charger Ford Police Large Dodge Charger Police Chevy Caprice SUVs Vans & Pickups $1,100 $1,800 4x2 GMC Terrain Dodge Journey Dodge Durango Chevy Equinox Ford Escape Grand Cherokee Ford Expedition Chevy Tahoe Chevy Suburban 4x4 Grand Cherokee Ford Expedition Chevy Tahoe Chevy Suburban $2,300-$4,100 $2,700 $1,500-$3,200 $3,800 $1,200 $2,300 Vans Dodge Grand Caravan Dodge Ram Chevy G1300/2300 Chevy G3300 Ford Econoline Pickup Trucks Chevy C1500/2500/3500 Chevy K1500/2500/3500 Ford F150/F250/F350 Dodge Ram 1500/2500 $700 $1,100 $200 – $2,500 $1,000 – $1,100 $500 – $1,300

20. 20 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Electric Vehicle Market Current and Projected Source: Hybridcars.com Hybrid Market Dashboard U.S. HEV HISTORICAL SALES (1999 - 2010) U.S. ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROJECTED MARKET Sources: J.D. Power Forecasting, Pike Research

21. 21 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Overcoming barriers to electric vehicle market Battery cost and performance As orders increase, per kWh costs for batteries are falling faster than expected PHEV-10 price point ($500) PHEV-40 price point ($300) BEV-200 price point ($150) Source: TechnologyReview.com

22. 22 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Volt PHEV Leaf BEV Prius HEV Focus FFV Cruze Gas Current Cumulative TCO Source: AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator (GSA automotive pricing, assumes 12,000 miles/year) Gas ($3.89 current vs. $5.00 projected) Projected $4,500 BEV/PHEV price reduction Vehicle Cost (Total Cost of Ownership) Projected Cumulative TCO HEV>GasBEV>FFVBEV>Gas HEV>FFV BEV>FFV, GasHEV>FFV, GasPHEV>FFVPHEV>Gas Overcoming barriers to electric vehicle market

23. 23 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Range Anxiety) BEV: Nissan Leaf Gas: Nissan Versa Fuel capacity (GGE) 13.20 GGE 0.72 GGE (24 kW-h) Range (miles) 73 miles 356 miles Low fuel? Source: fleetcarma (2012) Refuel rate: 11 miles per hour charging Refuel rate: complete refuel in <2 mins Overcoming barriers to electric vehicle market

24. 24 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Perceived versus real Optimal 1.8 charging stations/vehicle Service station fueling not feasible Focus on home and workplace charging Promote PHEVs Home Depot Work Public Infrastructure deployment Range Anxiety) Overcoming barriers to electric vehicle market

25. 25 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Chevy Volt Nissan Leaf BEV 73 mile range Incremental: $20,303 40 mile all electric range Incremental: $22,234 Light-Duty EVs Available Through GSA Mitsubishi i-MiEV 62 mile range Incremental: $14,454 Ford Focus BEV 76 mile range Incremental: $20,508

26. 26 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov Larger EVs Available Through GSA Smith Newton BEV Truck 100 mile range, $61k incremental Zero Truck BEV Truck 100 mile range, $119-144k incremental Electric Vehicles International Utility vehicle (PHEV-40) Dry cargo van Truck, $119k incremental Multi-stop van, $152k incremental

27. 27 | Selecting Optimal AFV for Your Fleeteere.energy.gov 27 Thank You! Julian Bentley LMI (703) 917-7010 jbentley@lmi.org