2. ENGLISH SYNTAX MaisrulMaisrul@yahoo.comwww.roelsite.yolasite.com

3. Linguistics is scientific study of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. As a system language has two system - System of Sound - System of Meaning Where is the position of Syntax?

4. PHONEME MORPHEME SENTENCE PHONOLOGY SYNTAX MORPHOLOGY LINGUISTICS SEMANTICS FORM/ LOGICAL MEANING FORM FORM, MEANING, FUNCTION LANGUAGE UNITS LANGUAGE SCIENCE INTERDICIPLINARY VIEW

5. ENGLISH SYNTAX Linguistic Unit and the Sentence Syntactic descriptions have traditionally taken the sentence as their starting point and the smaller units being primarily regarded as ‘building-blocks’ of sentences. Sentence consits of string of words, in sequence, and meaningful. Sentences are interpreted not as strings of individual words but as sequence of groups of words and between them exist certain relations called sentence structure e.g word order. * He wanted to marry Jane.* He wanted jane to marry.

6. ENGLISH SYNTAX Constituents The parts into which a sentence can be segmented are the constituents of the sentence. Immediate Constituents (IC) refers to those constituents which together form a higher- order constituent. – Jane wants a cake a and cake are the IC’s of a cake wants and a cake are the I.C’s of wants a cake Jane and wants a cake are the IC of the sentence

7. ENGLISH SYNTAX Rankscale and Rankshift Rankscale is the hierarchy of units of linguistic description in which morphemes function as constituents of words, words function as constituent of phrases, and phrases as constituent of sentences. Correct-ion-s Morpheme Corrections Word some minor corrections Phrase We’ve made some minor corrections Sentence

8. ENGLISH SYNTAX Rankscale and Rankshift Rankshift : unit of given rank functions as a constituent of a unit of the same rank or even lower down the rankscale, e.g. Sentences function as constituent of other sentences, phrase to other phrases, word to other words, etc. 1.I know Peter is in the army  setentence 2.At the corner of the street  phrase 3.Treetop- gorldsmith- Blackbird  word

9. ENGLISH SYNTAX Functions and Categories There is a distinction between linguistic units as constituents of larger structures and as linguistics objects in their own right; i.e Function and Category. Category refers to a linguistic unit viewed as something that has individual charateristics which it shares with other units of the same kind Function refers to a linguistic unit viewed as an element that plays its role in a larger linguistic structure.

10. ENGLISH SYNTAX Functions and Categories The unit of John and a walk viewed individually are Noun; so they belong to the same category or word class John took a walk The unit of John and a walk viewed as constituents of the sentence, both John and a walk belong to different function. John function as Subject and a walk function as Object

11. ENGLISH SYNTAX Morpheme

12. Morpheme  The minimal unit of gramatical description in the sense that it cannot be segmented any further at the grammatical level of analysis.  There are two kinds of Morpheme; Free and bound.  Free Morpheme can be used independently, whereas Bound Morpheme can not.

13. Morpheme Unfriendly 1.Unbound 2.Friendfree 3.Lybound rootfriend base (of unfriendly) friendly

14. Morpheme  Root of a word is that part which remains when all the affixes have been removed.  A Base is any form to which an affix can be added, but not every base is a root. Impression Impressbase Pressroot

15. Morpheme Allomorphs is the variants within a morpheme. Plural morpheme hat-/s/,dog-/z/, bus-/iz/, deer-/o / – /s/, /z/, /iz/, / o /allomorph – / o / Zero allomorph

16. The plural The plural morpheme {S1} is regularly realized in three ways: /s/: after basis ending in voiceless sounds except sibilants, eg: books, roofs, lips, hats, /z/: after bases ending in voiced sounds except sibilants, eg: trees, bars, laws, zoos, days, boys, ribs, beds, dogs, flames, pens, bootless /iz/: after bases ending in a sibilant: /s/: horses, nurses, kisses /z/: noises, seizes, noses /ʃ/: brushes, dishes, clashes /t /: churches, torches, witches /dз/: pledges, bridges, languages

17. The genitive In the singular the genitive morpheme {S2} is regularly realized in three ways: /s/:after bases ending in voiceless sounds except sibilants, eg: Dick-Dick’s car Ship-the ship’s crew Dentist-the dentist’s drill Wife-his wife’s lover /z/:after bases ending in voiced sounds except sibilants, eg: Fred-Fred’s salary Play-the play’s title Brother-my brother’s cottage Firm-the firm’s losses /iz/:after bases ending in a sibilant, eg: Horse-horse’s tail Keats-Keats’s poetry George-George’s children

18. Five Signal of Syntactic Structure ENGLISH SYNTAX

19. Five Signal of Syntactic Structure 1.Word order Position of words relative to each other 2.Prosody Combinations of Pattern of pitch, stress, and juncture. 3.Function words Words with little or no lexical meaning which are used in combining other words into larger structures.

20. Five Signal of Syntactic Structure 4.Inflections Suffixes, always final, which adapt words to fit varying structural positions without changing their lexical meaning or part of speech. 5.Derivational Contrast Derivational prefixes and suffixes which change words from one part of speech to another.

21. Eight Main Groups of Function Words 1.Noun Determiners the, a/an, my, her, their…,that/this one, two…,some, all, many, few, other, more…… 2.Auxiliaries can, may, could, will, would, shall, should, need, do, be, have, be going to….

22. Eight Main Groups of Function Words 3.Qualifiers Very, quite, rather, a little, so, more, most, less, enough, too, … 4.Preposition - simple: after, around, before, … - Compound: back of, due to, together with.. - Phrasal: by means of, in front of, on account of,…

23. Eight Main Groups of Function Words 5.Coordinators and, not, but, nor, rather than, either, … 6.Interrogators - simple: when, where, how, why - Interrogative Pronoun: who, what, which, whoever, whatever

24. Eight Main Groups of Function Words 7.Includers - Simple: after, although, how, since,… - Relative Pronoun: who, which, that, when, etc 8.Sentence-linkers - Simple: consequently, furthermore, hence - Phrasal: at least, in addition, in fact, etc

25. FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE ENGLISH SYNTAX

26. Structures of Modification – Consist of two immediate constituents a head and a modifier. Hungry people M H Home town M H Easily superior M H FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

27. Structures of Predication –C–Consist of two immediate constituents a subject and a predicate. The sun sets in the west The snow was cold

28. Structures of Complementation – Consist of two immediate constituents a verbal elements and a complement we are learning grammar He gives a lesson He caught and ate the fish FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

29. Structures of Coordination – Consist of two or more immediate constituents which are equavalent units joined in a structure which function as a single unit. He bought his friend a doctor and a gentlemen FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

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