1. Major Endocrine Glands - Abdominopelvic

2. Endocrine Glands

3. Major Glands in the Abdomen/Pelvis Organ Synthesize Release Target Disorder(s) (to target)

5. Adrenal Glands These organs are found on top (superior to) each kidney. The adrenal glands have two sections: (1)Cortex – outside (2)Medulla - inside

6. The Adrenal Medulla This inner portion of the gland contains modified neurons and secretes two hormones with short term effects: (1)Norepinepherine (noradrenaline) (2)Epinepherine (adrenaline)

7. The Adrenal Medulla Norepinepherine and epinepherine are classified as catecholamines. It responses to stress by increasing HR, BP, blood flow (to heart & skeletal muscles), and respiration rate. (sympathetic/fight responses) They decrease digestive actions.

9. The Adrenal Cortex This outer portion of the gland is stimulated ACTH from the anterior pituitary. The results are long- lasting.

10. The Adrenal Cortex The cortex secretes three types of hormones: (1) Gonadocorticoids Androgens Estrogens Secreted until puberty

11. The Adrenal Cortex (2) Glucocorticoids Cortisol – which regulates glucose metabolism and the immune system: Promotes protein breakdown in muscle, amino acid uptake in liver (leads to glucogenesis), and suppresses inflammation

12. The Adrenal Cortex (3) Mineralcorticoids Aldosterone : which regulates minerals - especially sodium and potassium Influences kidney tubules in nephrons to conserve sodium ions (which promotes water retention) and excretes potassium.

13. The Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone is regulated by electrolyte conservation in body fluids and the renin angiotension mechanism (RAM).

14. Adrenal Cortex Disorders Hypersecretion: EX - Cushing’s disease. Ant. Pit. secretes excess ACTH and consequently the cortex secretes excess cortisol. “Moon” face Acne/skin infections Buffalo hump (fat between shoulders) Fatigue

15. Adrenal Cortex Disorders

16. Hyposecretion: EX: Addison’s Disease Immune system does not allow cortex to secrete sufficient hormones. Consequently, Na, K, and glucose levels are decreased. BP decreases Skin pigmentation increases (tanned appearance) No treatment = death in a short time