1. Population and community ecology Population ecology J Gerber and J Goliath 1

2. Terminology Species Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Ecology Ecological niche J Gerber and J Goliath 2

3. Size of a population Definition and impact on population size: Natality Mortality Dispersal (including immigration, emigration and migration) Aspects of population fluctuation and regulation: Carrying capacity Environmental resistance/limiting factors and its impact on population growth The effect of annual and seasonal fluctuations on population size J Gerber and J Goliath 3

4. Size of a population Characteristics of the following growth patterns/forms: Geometric growth form (J-shaped curve) Logistic growth form (S-shaped curve) Methods to determine population size, demographics and population movements: Direct technique (census) Indirect technique – simple sampling and mark recapture J Gerber and J Goliath 4

5. Activity 1- Terminology Instructions Explanation of activity on terminology. In pairs/groups define the terms on the work sheet given. After 10 minutes each pair/group give feedback. J Gerber and J Goliath 5

6. Terminology Species – Group of organisms with similar characteristics  which can interbreed  to produce fertile offspring  Habitat – Specific type of environment (area)  in which a plant or animal species normally occur  Population – Group of organisms of the same species  that occur in a particular area  in a particular time  so that interbreeding  occurs J Gerber and J Goliath 6

7. Terminology Community – Group of populations  occurring in a particular area  e.g. lion, zebra and giraffe in a National Park. Ecosystem – Interaction between the biotic factors  and abiotic factors  in a particular area  Ecology – Study of mutual interaction among living organisms  and environment  in which they live J Gerber and J Goliath 7

8. Terminology Ecological niche – Each species has a specific role  in a community. Each species needs a particular set  of environmental conditions and resources to survive and reproduce in its habitat  J Gerber and J Goliath 8

9. Size of a population & population density Size of a population – the number of individuals  in a population  Population density – the number of individuals  of the population per unit of area  J Gerber and J Goliath 9

10. Population parameters Natality – birth rate  of a population expressed as the number of live births per thousand individuals  per year. Mortality – death rate  of a population expressed as the number of deaths per thousand individuals  per year. Immigration – one-way movement of organisms into an area  Emigration – one-way movement of organisms out of an area  Migration – moves from one place to another and returns to the original place  J Gerber and J Goliath 10

11. Impact of population parameters Natality and immigration cause an increase in population size. Mortality and emigration cause a decrease in a population size. No immigration or emigration in a closed population e.g animals on an island. Natality and mortality can affect the population size in a closed population. J Gerber and J Goliath 11

12. Impact of population parameters J Gerber and J Goliath 12

13. Population fluctuation and regulation Carrying capacity – maximum number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can continually supply resources to. Certain factors prevent a population from unlimited growth and exceeding its maximum growth rate – limiting factors and together are called environmental resistance. Seasonal fluctuations – Swallows fly from the cold European winter to Southern Africa where the summer temperature is more favourable. Annual fluctuation – Migration of millions of wildebeest in East Africa. This phenomen is determined by the availability of grazing which is also dependant on rainfall. J Gerber and J Goliath 13

14. Growth patterns/forms – Geometric or J – shaped curve Population size increases unrestricted and rapidly with time. A population can reach its full reproductive potential because of enough food, water and no predators. Environmental resistance increases when numbers of population increase. Number of population can decrease rapidly due to limiting factors. J Gerber and J Goliath 14

15. Graph of repeated growth pattern J Gerber and J Goliath 15

16. Logistic growth form (S - shaped) Lag phase: Population acclimates, individuals become sexually mature and seek partners for mating. Accelerating growth phase Population grows rapidly and reaches its maximum growth rate. Deceleration growth phase Growth rate decreases due to an increase in environmental resistance. Equilibrium phase Population numbers reach the carrying capacity. J Gerber and J Goliath 16

17. Geometric and logistic growth phase J Gerber and J Goliath 17

18. Methods to determine population size - direct technique (census) Count of all individuals in a population and includes human population census. Aerial photography may be used in the counting of larger animals in nature reserves. J Gerber and J Goliath 18

19. Indirect technique – simple sampling (quadrated method) A square frame (quadrat) is used Place it on the ground and count the individuals inside the quadrat It gives the number of individuals (density) per unit area Repeat in different places at random and calculate the average density Method is used for plants and slow moving animals J Gerber and J Goliath 19

20. Mark-recapture technique (Peterson) Demarcate a specific area. Capture a number of individuals, count and mark them (first sample). Set the marked individuals free in the area. Allow the marked individuals enough time to mix with unmarked individuals in the area. Capture a second number of individuals and count them (second sample). Count the number of previously marked individuals in the second sample. J Gerber and J Goliath 20

21. Mark-recapture technique Use this information to calculate the total size of the population by means of the following formula: P = m x s t P = estimated population size. m = total number of animals captured and marked in first sample. s = total number of animals captured in second sample. t = number of marked individuals in second sample. J Gerber and J Goliath 21

22. Mark-recapture technique - validity Marking methods should not injured the organism. Marks should be clear for the duration of the investigation. Marking methods should not affect the movement of the animals. Marked organisms should be allowed enough time to mix. Population must be closed. Period between two samplings should be sufficiently brief – no births or deaths. J Gerber and J Goliath 22