1. Involving New Scholars in Digital Libraries through the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) December 21, 1999 Edward A. Fox fox@vt.edu CC CS DLRL Internet TIC Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

2. Acknowledgements (Selected) F Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, … F Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan F Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, …

3. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

4. Virginia Tech Background F Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town population 35K plus 25K students, #2 in football F Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with 80% of community on Internet F Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 600 sites, for education, research, govt F LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia F Math Emporium, 500 workstations F Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

5. Virginia Tech CS F Department of CS focused on HCI F $2M labs: usability, group decisions, info access F Faculty (+ Abrams, Kafura, Shaffer, …) –Barfield (ISE - wearable) –Carroll (design, scenarios) –Ehrich (equipment, graphics) –Hartson (theory & methodology, remote evaluation) –Hix (usability, VR/CAVE) –Rosson (object orientation/languages, collaboration) –Williges (ISE - experimentation, meta-evaluation)

6. ACITC F Advanced Communications and Information Technology Center, opening summer 2000 F Connects to the library, with a focus on IT F 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms F 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) F 1/3 research labs: 10, including: –Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL) –Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities –HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), … –Spaces for industry-supported labs, visitors

7. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

8. Digital Libraries --- Objectives F World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop F Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies F Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost F Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery F Disintermediation -> Collaboration F Universities Reclaim Property F Interactive Courseware, Student Works F Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

9. Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech F MARIAN (NLM) F CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) F TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) F BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) F DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) F WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) F NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) F CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) F WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) F VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

10. DLs: Why of Global Interest? F National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly F Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education F DL - a domain for international collaboration –wherein all can contribute and benefit –which leverages investment in networking –which provides useful content on Internet & WWW –which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding F Ex., Mexico: http://ict.udlap.mx/dl/dlmex

11. DLs Shorten the Chain from Editor Publisher A&I Consolidator Library Reviewer

12. DLs Shorten the Chain to Editor A&I Digital Library Reviewer

13. DLs Shorten the Chain to Author Reader Digital Library Editor Reviewer Teacher Learner Librarian

14. Enhancing Learning with DLs

15. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

16. A Digital Library Case Study F Domain: graduate education, research F Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations F Submission: http://etd.vt.edu F Collection: http://www.theses.org Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org

17. Media ETD Web Site http://www.ndltd.org/ ETDs Got Your Interest? Graduate Students Singapore AM Chronicle of Higher Ed. National Public Radio NY Times... U. Laval

18. Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure Scalability Education is the rationale University collaboration Workflow, automation Authors must submit Maximal access PDF, SGML, MM Standards Federated search 8th graders vs. grads MARC, DC, URNs

19. What led to today’s meeting? F 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … F 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps each F 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET F 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML + multimedia objects F 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for regional, national projects F 1997 meetings in UK, Germany,... F Sept. 1999 meeting in Paris at UNESCO Headquart. http://www.unesco.org/webworld/etd/

20. Status of the Local Project F Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97 F Submission & access software in place F Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv., focused on Adobe PDF and multimedia formats F Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative F Over 2000 ETDs in collection

21. Archiving ETDs F Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not- yet-approved submissions F Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs F Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection F Copies stored on-site and off-site

22. VT ETD Cataloging F same as current cataloging policies, except: –author-assigned keywords (not LCSH) –generic (not LC) call no. –fields/subfields as required for computer files –full abstracts F time savings –cataloger familiar with computer files –equipment, software for word processing –5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)

23. Library Costs F $12/vol. for paper thesis processing – catalog, bind, security strip, label, shelve – @950 vols./yr. = $11,466 F $3.20/vol. ETD processing – cataloging @950 vols./yr. = $3040 F $.07/vol. shelving F $.04/vol. circulation

24. Costs/Savings at VT F Graduate School stopped shipping to the library 3000 copies of paper TDs/year F Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating 3000 copies of TDs/year F 166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library F VT used existing equipment in Library (vs. start-up costs for staff, hardware and software from from a zero-base estimate: $65,000 – see http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/)

25. F Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts F Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations F Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive) What are we doing?

26. What are the long term goals? F 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved F 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios F Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit. reviews, bibliographies, … F Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

27. ETDs: Library Goals F Improve library services –Better turn-around time –Always available F Reduce work –catalog from e-text –eliminate handling: mailing to UMI, bindery prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc. F Save space

28. NDLTD Computer Resources Research Literature Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

29. Student Defends and Finalizes ETD My Thesis ETD

31. Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD Signed Grad School

32. Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated Ph.D.

33. Library Catalogs ETD and New Students Have Access to the New Research WWW NDLTD

34. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

35. Institutional Members F Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) F Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) F Diplomica.com F Dissertation.com F Dissertationen Online (Germany) F Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC, www.istec.org) F National Library of Portugal (for all universities) F Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS) F UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)

36. US University Members (35+) F Rochester Institute of Tech. F U. of Colorado Health Sci. Cntr. F U. of Florida F U. of Georgia F University of Hawaii, Manoa F U. of Iowa F U. of Maine F U. of Oklahoma F U. of South Florida F U. of Tennessee, Knoxville F U. of Tennessee, Memphis F U. of Texas at Austin F U. of Virginia F U. Wisconsin - Madison F Vanderbilt U. F Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 F West Virginia U. - required fall 1998 F Worcester Polytechnic Inst. F Air University (Alabama) F Brigham Young University F Cal Tech F Clemson University F College of William & Mary F Concordia University (Illinois) F East Carolina University F East Tenn. State University F Florida Institute of Tech. F Florida International University F George Washington University F Marshall University (W. Va.) F Miami U. of Ohio F MIT (in process) F Michigan Tech F Naval Postgraduate School (CA) F North Carolina State U. F Penn. State University

37. Australian Project Members F U. New South Wales (lead institution) F U. of Melbourne F U. of Queensland F U. of Sydney F Australian National University F Curtin U. of Technology F Griffith U.

38. German Project Members F Humboldt University (lead institution) F 3 other universities F 5 learned societies –Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education F 1 computing center F 2 major libraries

39. CBUC (www.cbuc.es, Spain) F Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya, as group, with 9 members: –Universitat de Barcelona –Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona –Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya –Universitat Pompeu Fabra –Universitat de Girona –Universitat de Lleida –Universitat Rovira i Virgili –Universitat Oberta de Catalunya –Biblioteca de Catalunya

40. Other International Members F Chinese University of Hong Kong F Chungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea) F City University, London (UK) F Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany) F Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.) F Gyeongsang National U. (Korea) F India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India) F Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part) F National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part) F Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) F Rhodes U. (South Africa) F St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia) F Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico) F Univ. of Alicante (Spain) F Univ. of Pisa (Italy) F U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)

42. NUDL (Networked University Digital Library) F 1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI-2 international program –VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng. –Partners: UK (2), Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany, plus Ibero-american group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico) –Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, … F Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware,...

44. NUDL Partners F Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile F José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal F José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain F Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece F Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile F Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina F Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany F Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain F Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea F Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil F Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore F Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia F J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico

45. Popular Works 1996 458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb) 432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb) 390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb) 310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb) 287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb) 165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb) 150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

46. Popular Works 1997 9920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb) 7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb) 2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb) 2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb) 1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb) 1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb) 1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb) 1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

47. Popular Works 1998 F K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author F 75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard F 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu F 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster F 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi F 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso F 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color), Gonzalez

48. Usage of ETDs in VT Collections 1996199719981999 Jan-Aug Total requests 37,171247,537465,974907,104 Daily Requests 1026851,7223,121 Abstract requests 25,829112,633177,647143,056 Hosts served 9,01522,72528,02252,663

49. International Use  199619971998  85029928170 United Kingdom  6082,5014223 Australia  34623787373 Germany  71323673970 Canada  38712642201 South Korea  46311614431 France  2507252553 Italy  1918672781 Netherlands  18311301449 Brazil  229671089 Thailand  839581414 Greece

51. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

52. Relationship with publishers F Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times F Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL F Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access – AAP, AAUP – AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier,...

53. Some responses from publishers F ACM: need to acknowledge copyright F Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright F IEEE-CS: endorse initiative F ACS: After first publication, can release F Textbook publishers: different market, manuscript significantly reworked F General: restricting access to local campus will not cause any problems F Survey by Joan Dalton, Canada

54. For professional societies F Like “writing across the curriculum” F Besides writing: computing/communications, information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation F Data sets, communities of users of them F Classification systems / browsing / searching F National Research Council (NRC) booklet “On becoming a researcher in the digital age”

55. Who are sponsors / cooperators? F Funding, Donations of hardware/software –SURA –US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) –Adobe Systems –IBM –Microsoft –OCLC F Others Serving on Steering Committee –National/Regional Projects: Australia, French speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG) –Council of Graduate Schools, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO,...

56. How does this relate to UMI? (Bell and Howell) F 1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs F Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal F Steering and technical committee membership F ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part F Collaborating on: – accepting electronic author submissions – standards (e.g., representation), research

57. ETD Initiative (and UMI) Students Learn about DL, EPub TDs become more expressive N. Amer. (T)Ds are accessible, archived Global TDs become more accessible, archived UMI Universities

58. Why might a university want to be involved? F To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility F To unlock university information F To save money for students and for the university / improve workflow F To build an important digital library

59. How can a university get involved? F Select planning/implementation team – Graduate School – Library – Computing / Information Technology – Institutional Research / Educ. Tech. F Send us letter, give us contact names F Adapt Virginia Tech solution – Build interest and consensus – Start trial / allow optional submission

60. Contact Our Project Team E-mail etd@ndltd.org Phone Call Visit Video Tape

61. Convene Local Planning Group ETD

62. Build Local ETD Site Digital Library Policies Inspection/Approval Workshop/Training ETD

63. Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs F Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools F Automated submission & processing F Archive/access - UMI, (OCLC, Center for Research Libraries, Virginia Tech,)... F (Local) WWW site, publicity F (Local) Assistance provided as requested: email, phone, listserv(s)

64. Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs F Like Type 1 but set date not reached F Usually has an option or pilot F May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter after; … F Build grass roots support – Advisory committee: representative? expert? – Champions to spread by word of mouth – Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students – Publicity to reach community

65. NDLTD Members, Types 3-7 F 3. Part of university requires ETDs F 4. University allows ETDs F 5. University investigating, has pilot F 6. University consortium joins: –CBUC (Catalunya, Spain) F 7. Non-university organization joins –CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.) –ISTEC, OAS, UNESCO, …

66. Everyone Learns F Students become “info literate” F Students learn about discovery, search, categorization/classification (e.g., CoRC), e-pub (e.g., XML, multimedia, hypertext), preservation, helping others find/reuse F Campus starts to think about IPR –e.g., Virginia Tech symposium http://www.rgs.vt.edu/resmag/seminars.html F Faculty and students improve quality as reader base expands

67. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

68. User Search Support (multilingual, XML) Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

69. www.theses.org F James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998 F XML description of each site –type of search engine / service –language –coverage (for resource discovery) F Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols (according to Santa Fe Convention) – see www.openarchives.org

70. Open Archives Initiative F Santa Fe meeting, Oct. 21-22, 1999 F Workshop early June, San Antonio, DL’00 F LANL, CNI, DLF, Mellon, … F Convention F Archives -> Open Archives –Support unique archive identifiers –Implement Open Archives Metadata Set (DC-based, using XML) –Implement Dienst harvesting interface –Register the archive F Layer other services: linking, searching, …

71. Approaches to Open Archives Build By discipline Build By institution Author Category Interdisciplinary Year Language Query …

72. Interoperability Testing F IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support, powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib) F Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w –university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared MARC records pointing to archival copies –via URNs: handles & PURLs F Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts., DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell – MIT uses it for its ETD site; Portugal is studying use for Europe

73. Access Approaches F Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging: F UMI centralized services F Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50, … F Regional services (e.g., OhioLink) F Global service: Open Archives F Local servers with browse, search – From local catalogs to local archives F WWW robot indexing and search services

74. Access Possibilities Web search engines library catalog clients www. theses. org www. openarchives. org 3 rd Party Services (e.g., Bell & Howell) Virginia Tech National Library of Portugal CBUC (Spain) Ohio Link MITNational Projects: AU, GE, …

75. Support Services Developed F WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape F Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX, WWW scripts - grad school/library) F Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training materials, FAQs, press info F SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs F SGML to HTML (web generator) F LaTeX, Word templates, converters

76. Support Offered F Software, documentation, tech support F Email, listservs (etd-l@listserv.vt.edu, - eval, -grad, -library, -technical) F Donations: Adobe, Microsoft F Evaluation: instruments, analysis http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics F (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up an int’l service & archive)

77. Enhancements F Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk F DTDs for SGML, XML(+ ML) F Annotation system (author, friends, notes) F Routing system (based on Sift) F Multilingual WWW site, training materials (Spanish recently done in Valencia) F Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned with Dienst and Harvest - using MARIAN)

78. Further Services F Adding services currently prototyped –support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch F Adding other services planned –building and using citation database (SFX, CiteSeer) –implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”) – easier when online since faculty can search (but real solution is to mentor students) F Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)

79. Other Work F Working with publishers to increase level of access as much as possible F Interoperability tests among universities and Open Archives to provide integrated services F Study with testbed that emerges, to improve information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user services/support F Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

80. Accessibility Activities / Plans F Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) F Usability studies F Generic multi-lingual support F Support for those with disabilities F Hybrid collection (paper, MARC, abstracts, full-text, multimedia) F Disciplinary classifications, tools F Visualization of results, collection

81. SPIRE Visualization

82. CAVE Experiments F Use a familiar metaphor –building / floor / room / shelf / book F Rearrange orderings / shelving –use categories, clustering, ranking –use visualization: colors and gaps –study space mappings: physical, logical F Simplify movement for key tasks

84. ENVISION F NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93) F Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML F Scanned thousands of page images F MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)

85. Envision Results Window

86. MARIAN F Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with ANnotations F (Musical: Marian the Librarian …) F Evolved from 1980’s CODER system to a distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system F From C/C++ to Java by Jianxin Zhao F Future uses: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex

89. MARIAN Layers Database Layer Search Engine Layer User Information Layer User Interface Layer User

91. MARIAN Testing Architecture Load Generator Webgate Java Server C/C++ Server

92. MARIAN Parallelism

93. MARIAN Response Time

94. France Dissertation F Key developer since CODER F Applying computational linguistics efforts with machine readable dictionaries F Applying opportunistic handling of term lists for ranking, usable displays (“to be or not to be, that is the”) F Developing and evaluating variety of interfaces

95. PetaPlex F Digital Library Machine (“super” object store) F Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 100,000,000 gigabytes (1 Tbyte - 100 Pbyte) F Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 for $250,000 with –high speed backbone connection (OC-12) –2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”: –Each = Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux

96. PetaPlex Approach F Extend work on KMS from 1970s F Achieve qualitative improvement in quality of hypertext –sub-second response –with terabyte and petabyte scale stores F Do everything with one seek - through hashing over a very large storage space –support URN access as primitive service –support name / repository model for digital library

97. PetaPlex Complex FRONT END MACHINE RS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc. Nanoserver Service Machine 1 Service Machine 2 Service Machine 3 Service Machine 4

98. PetaPlex Service Machines F Small object server F Large object server –video on demand –streaming audio F Information retrieval server F Proxy / cache server (e.g., 1 terabyte server of 1000 worldwide for Comsat/Intelsat)

99. PetaPlex Top View 4 ft. side

100. PetaPlex Side View 4 ft. wide 8 ft. high Roles: * Support * Cooling * Power 15 shelves

101. PetaPlex Cost Goals, Approach F Maximize number of seeks achievable F Maximize % of cost invested in disks F Maximize flexibility and reliability F Minimize cost per unit of storage F Approach “information utility” F Increase throughput and reliability by replicating on other PetaPlex systems F Use robotics, wireless, and commodity production of nanoservers

102. Sornil & Mather Dissertations F Proposing 100 Tbyte wireless Petaplex for $2M F Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers of objects of varying sizes F Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large collections, large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files –modeling and simulation –data organization –parallelization of algorithms, alone and in combination for retrieval (related) tasks

103. OUTLINE F Introduction F Digital libraries F NDLTD case study F Members, statistics F Relationships, universities F Access, software, hardware F Conclusion

104. DL Challenges F Preservation - so people with trust DLs F Supporting infrastructure – affordable storage in large capacity, very fast networks,... F Scalability, sustainability, interoperability F DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM,... –Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

105. Invitations! F Help with NDLTD, NUDL F Provide software for NDLTD members F Work to expand and improve ETD efforts worldwide: dissemination, standardization, R&D, training F Become a champion and change scholarly communication and the world!