1. Conceptualisation Precipitation (100 %) Recharge (4 %) Surface runoff (6 %) Evapotranspiration (< 30 %) Sub-surface lateral drainage (> 60 %)

2. Typical Plinthic Catena

4. Conceptualisation

5. Increasingly permanent water table Fluctuating water table Glencoe Wasbank Longlands Kroonstad Katspruit Champagne Wasbank < 0.5 m

6. Diverging water flow Glencoe LonglandsKroonstad / Estcourt Wasbank Glencoe Wasbank Glenrosa Wasbank Longlands Converging water flow Concave Landscape Convex Landscape Wasbank

7. Wetland types – concept hydrology

8. Urban developments - excavation

9. Urban developments - paving

10. Opencast mining impacts

11. Underground mining impacts

12. Agricultural impacts – surface mainly

14. Forestry impacts – water!