1. Development of Skeletal System & Limbs Dr. Sama ul Haque Dr. Rania Gabr

2. Objectives Development of skull. Development of limbs. Limb innervation. Anomalies of limbs Development of vertebrae. Anomalies of vertebrae. Development of ribs & sternum.

3. Development of the Bones Based on the mode of development, there are two types of bones in the body: Cartilage bones, that develop via: 1- Intracartilagenous (endochondral ossification). A cartilage model first forms and is eventually replaced with bone e.g. formation of the bones of the axial & appendicular skeletons and the cranial base.

4. 4 Membrane bones, that develop via 2- Intramembranous ossification. Bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells without the prior formation of cartilage e.g. majority of bones of the face and skull

5. Development of skull mesoderm around the developing brain.  The skull bones develop from the mesoderm around the developing brain.  The skull consists of: 1.Neuro 1.Neurocranium: protective case for brain 2.Viscero 2.Viscerocranium: skeleton of face

6. Development of skull Bones of skull that ossify by Intramembranous ossification: 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Zygomatic 4. Squamous temporal 5. Maxilla 6. Mandible develops by Base of skull develops by intracartilagenous ossification intracartilagenous ossification

8. Skull of a Newborn

9. Cartilaginous Neurocranium (Chondrocranium)

10. Anencephaly Anencephaly, also known as “open skull,” is a birth defect in which the major parts of the brain, scalp, and skull of the fetus do not form completely. Anencephaly occurs when the neural tube, does not close properly between the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy. An infant who is born with anencephaly has some or most of the brain missing. These infants are unconscious, cannot feel, and are usually blind and Infants with anencephaly are stillborn in about 75% of cases. Newborns who survive die within several hours, days, or weeks

11. Craniosynotosis Craniosynostosis consists of premature fusion of 1 or more cranial sutures, often resulting in an abnormal head shape. It may result from a primary defect of ossification (primary craniosynostosis) or, more commonly, from a failure of brain growth (secondary craniosynostosis). Simple craniosynostosis is a term used when only 1 suture fuses prematurely. Complex or compound craniosynostosis is used to describe premature fusion of multiple sutures.

12. Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is caused by a gene mutation that impairs the growth of bone in the limbs and causes abnormal growth in the spine and skull. Approximately 20-50% of all children with achondroplasia will experience a neurological impairment. This is caused by compression created as they literally grow faster than their bones. The stunted bone growth at the base of the skull and the spine can cause the spinal cord and brain stem to become compressed. This can lead to key nervous system structures — like the brain stem, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces — to also compress. One of the causes of dwarfism

13. Development of Limbs Development of Limb Buds:  Limb buds appear at the end of 4 th week.  Forelimb appears 1 st then Hindlimb.  Core of Mesoderm covered by Ectoderm.

14. Limb Buds Develop (Days 31-32)

15. 15 Limb buds appear at the end of 4 th week as outpocketing from ventro-lateral aspect of body. Each bud is composed of a core of mesoderm which is covered by ectoderm. Each limb bud is at first extended at a right angle to the trunk. Each bud has 2 surfaces: ventral and dorsal, and 2 borders :cranial and caudal. Limb Buds Develop (Days 31-32)

16. Each limb bud shows 2 constrictions or annular creases which divide the bud into 3 segments. The upper limb is divided into: arm, forearm and hand plate. The lower limb is divided into: thigh, leg and foot plate. The distal segment of the UL bud becomes flattened to form the hand plate,that of the LL flattens to form the footplate. Fingers and toes are formed as a result of disintegration of the thinned tissue between the developing fingers and toes. At 7 th week, upper limb rotates 90 degree laterally while lower limb rotates 90 degree medially.

17. Development of Limbs

18. HandFoot Digits develop as a result of Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)

19. Limb development 5th Week: Limb bud appears as mesoderm covered with ectoderm. 6th Week: Constriction produces hand or foot plate and skeleton now is totally cartilaginous. 7th Week: Endochondral ossification begins. 8th Week: Upper & lower limbs appropriately named. 5W 6W 7W8W

21. Mesenchyme from lateral mesoderm Induces growth of mesenchyme & its transformation into cartilage Cartilage ossifies by: Endochondral ossification Myoblasts migrate from myotomes to form: Muscles of limbs

22. Limb Innervation (side view) As the bud elongates it carries with it the dermatomes from the corresponding spinal segments and drags with them the ventral rami of the corresponding spinal nerves. The UL carries dermatomes from C4 to T2. The LL from T12 to S4.

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25. Anomalies of the limbs

28. Mesoderm:- Paraxial (Somites) a. Myotomes: -Limb & Axial muscles b. Sclerotomes: -Axial skeleton (vertebrae) c. Dermatomes: -Dermis of skin Development of Vertebrae

29. Stages in the development of a somi te

30. Development of Vertebral Column Vertebrae are developed after 4 stages: 1- First stage: Formation of notochord. 2- Second stage:( Blastemal stage)=Mesodermal condensations: Formation of mesenchymal vertebral column. Sclerotomes surround notochord and neural tube. 3- Third stage: (Chondrification) of mesenchymal vertebral column. 4- Fourth stage:( ossification) of the vertebrae.

34. Other Anomalies of Vertebrae Lumbarization of 1 st sacral vertebra. Sacralization of 5 th lumbar vertebra. Increase(Supernumerary vertebrae) or Decrease(Missed vertebrae) in number of vertebrae. Due to an error in sclerotomic segmentation. Abnormal curvatures of vertebral column as kyphosis and scoliosis.

35. Development of ribs& sternum

36. Development of Sternum

37. Anomalies of Sternum Cleft sternum: failure of fusion between lower parts of sternal plates. Perforated sternum: failure of fusion of central part of sternum.