1. 2006 Non-residential Baseline 2002-2004 Building Stock Characteristics David Baylon Mike Kennedy

2. November 20082 Overall Project Goals 1.Design representative samples of the Commercial sectors 2.Complete field audits to generate characteristics summaries –Ownership and Operation –HVAC, Lighting, Envelope, Refrigeration (in groceries) 3.Assess energy code compliance –Interview design community to assess attitudes 4.Perform regional assessment of energy use and estimate EUIs by building type within each sample

3. November 20083 Project Segmentation 1.By state within the Pacific Northwest region Avoid certain building types (assembly & other) 2.By interested utilities 3.By specific buildings types Grocery Hospitals Retail School

4. November 20084 Presentation Sample description (state, utility, building type) Lighting characteristics –LPD, controls –Fixtures, lamps –Code Compliance HVAC –Fuel type, fuel use –Equipment –Controls Envelope –Glazing performance and practice –Overall heat loss rate Refrigeration –Grocery –Other Interviews Energy Use

5. November 20085 Sample Development Initial population from F.W.Dodge ® database Construction started from 2002 and 2004 Additions and new buildings screened for valuation above $200K Population screened to remove assembly, other, and most multi-family Total sample frame was 88% of the initial database Sample

6. November 20086 PopulationArea StateN%(1000 SF)% ID1,19619.720,52214.0 MT2574.25,1443.5 OR1,78029.339,17326.8 WA2,84646.881,30355.6 Region6,079100.0146,142100.0 Sample Table S.1. 2002-2004 Commercial Population

7. November 20087 Building Type State Region Area (1000 sf) IDMTORWA College24544661394,300 Grocery16533541084,022 Health1071414116843010,958 Hi Rise Res201456729,125 Hospital18530621153,865 Institution4312841192585,325 Lodging1461733703,697 Office340563645831,34324,797 Restaurant56141071433201,814 Retail1373321036974921,563 Schools1061219324555619,374 Warehouse1272820940076420,938 Total9901901,4462,2984,924129,778 Sample Table S.2. Sample Frame, Population

8. November 20088 Sample Design Stratified random sample, three strata design 90/10 statistical criteria Sample in each state Enhanced sample for 4 utility groups: IPCO, ETO, PSNS, SCL Enhanced sample for 4 building types: Grocery, Hospital, Retail, School Sample

9. November 20089 State Strata Total 123 ID15181548 MT810 28 OR1721 59 WA21263077 Region617576212 Sample Table S.3. State Field Sample (N)

10. November 200810 Utility Group Utility Sample Added “Building Type” Samples ETO998 IPCO456 PSNS659 SCL283 Total23726 Sample Table S.4. Utility Sample Supplement (N)

11. November 200811 Building Type Sample Groups State Total IDMTORWA Grocery 4041119 Hospital 7271430 Retail 95222763 Schools 132242968 Total 3395781180 Sample Table S.5. Building Type Samples (N)

12. November 200812 Building Type State Region IDMTORWA Assembly20248 College31329 Education112243067 Grocery2061018 Health Services523616 Hospital4171325 Institution3191023 Office739827 Other32229 Residential/Lodging0161118 Restaurant / Bar30418 Retail158233278 Warehouse6891740 All Building Types6429107146346 Sample Table S.6. Total Non-Residential Sample (N)

13. November 200813 Lighting Characteristics Lighting power reviewed by space and building Fixture, lamp technologies assembled for each building Summaries compare to the 1995-98 building stock reviews –7% improvement from previous baseline –Largely an artifact of sample selection –Improved lighting codes (especially in Idaho) –Improved lighting technologies in both Montana and Idaho Lighting controls summarized by building and space Lighting

14. November 200814 State 2002-041995-98 LPDStd. Dev.NLPDStd. Dev.N ID 0.950.54641.240.3348 MT 1.150.48291.250.3232 OR 1.080.441081.110.4363 WA 1.180.491461.150.5988 Region 1.110.493471.160.45231 Lighting Table L.1.Overall LPD Baseline Samples (watts/s.f.)

15. November 200815 Building Type State IDMTORWARegion Assembly0.9401.151.041.05 College0.980.881.131.011.03 Education1.350.850.971.141.12 Grocery1.4001.541.631.60 Health Services1.451.841.411.331.38 Hospital1.221.911.451.191.27 Institution1.051.211.340.981.13 Office1.08 1.011.021.03 Other1.001.551.050.810.98 Residential/Lodging00.661.021.401.29 Restaurant / Bar1.1801.542.001.46 Retail1.351.471.231.551.44 Warehouse0.300.810.570.720.58 All Building Types0.951.151.081.181.11 Lighting Table L.2. LPD by Building Type (watts/s.f.)

16. November 200816 LPD Comparison

17. November 200817 Lighting Code Review and Compliance Representative energy code chosen for each state (2001) Relevant lighting codes reviewed for each state Compliance with local code has improved Difference between code targets and actual building practice reduced in WA, OR Lighting

18. November 200818 State 2002-041995-98 LPDStd. Dev.NLPD Std. Dev. N ID 1.210.45641.580.5548 MT 2.151.03291.420.4232 OR 1.360.371081.300.2863 WA 1.270.381461.280.3888 Region 1.310.453471.360.40231 Lighting Table L.3. LPD Code Requirements (watts/s.f.) State 2002-041995-98 Compliance Fraction* N Compliance Fraction N ID0.80640.7748 MT0.84290.5832 OR0.821080.7263 WA0.801460.6788 Region0.813470.69231 Table L.4. LPD Code Compliance * Includes performance path compliance

19. November 200819 Lighting Controls Substantial lighting controls in buildings representing 70% of floor area –40% included some sort of integrated or advanced lighting control system Daylight dimming (18% of floor area) Sweep controls (37% of floor area) Occupancy Sensors (47% of floor area) –30% included other lighting control measures Multi level switching / non-daylight dimming Lighting

20. November 200820 Control Type StateRegion IDMTORWARegion1998 Sweep39.624.834.039.137.48.9 Lighting EMS16.919.832.641.134.1 Daylighting00.800.017.524.617.94.1 Occupancy43.431.153.245.646.85.3 Multi-Level Switching10.012.05.926.219.9 Lighting Table L.5. Lighting Controls (% floor area)

21. November 200821 Table L6. Daylighting Type Lighting Daylight Source N Project All Floor Area (%) % of Project Floor Area Controlled Percent Disabled Side275.230.515.25 Top135.473.94.27 Top & Side147.228.53.57 Total5417.843.06.74

22. November 200822 Lighting Technologies Linear Fluorescent (LF) lamps account for almost 60% of the total lighting wattage –Similar to previous studies –Completed transition from T12 to T8 –Some high performance lamps and fixtures (T5, HPT8) with 15% of LF lamps HID lamps somewhat less important; 25% of high bay watts are now fluorescent (especially in Warehouse uses) Incandescent fraction remains stable –Dominated by lodging and dormitory uses Lighting

23. November 200823 Building TypeCFLLFHIDINCOtherTotal Assembly12.560.015.512.00.0100.0 College17.352.00.530.30.0100.0 Education12.471.611.44.60.0100.0 Grocery1.369.117.112.00.5100.0 Health Services11.970.24.813.10.0100.0 Hospital16.669.91.211.60.8100.0 Institution14.165.32.617.60.4100.0 Office9.777.63.39.40.0100.0 Other5.073.217.24.70.0100.0 Residential/Lodging15.022.50.655.16.8100.0 Restaurant / Bar15.056.91.127.10.0100.0 Retail5.457.125.211.90.4100.0 Warehouse0.835.160.43.70.0100.0 All Building Types9.258.217.414.40.8100.0 Region 19984.557.927.99.50.2100.0 Lighting Table L.7. Lamp Type Distribution (% of total lighting watts)

24. November 200824 Florescent Technologies Increased saturation of standard T8s Improved technologies available but not used (T5, High Performance T8) The improved technologies represent about 15% of florescent The improved technologies represent at least a 12% improvement in overall lighting efficacy

25. November 200825 Lighting Table L.8. Distribution of LF Lamps (% of total LF watts) State Linear Fluorescent OtherTotal T12T5HOT8HPT8 ID6.87.776.09.50.1100.0 MT2.013.783.80.30.2100.0 OR0.619.178.71.50.1100.0 WA1.59.588.10.70.1100.0 Region2.0512.283.42.20.1100.0

26. November 200826 Lighting Table L.9. Ballast Type (weighted by lighting watts) Ballast TypeCFLLFHIDTotal Standard65.680.62.563.0 Dimming4.26.00.04.6 High Performance 1.0 0.00.8 Pulse0.0 18.23.7 Magnetic2.0.515.83.8 Unknown27.211.863.524.1 Total100.0 Electronic

27. November 200827 HVAC Systems Characteristics review focused on: –HVAC fuel selection primary, reheat, secondary –System type: Built-up Package Unit or zone conditioning Distribution by space and space type –Equipment type and nominal efficiency HVAC

28. November 200828 HVAC Systems (Cont) System controls and strategies –Control system types –Reset strategies –Critical zone strategies System operation System Commissioning and Documentation HVAC

29. November 200829 HVAC StateHeatedSemi-heated Unheated Total ID73.5026.5100.0 MT87.71.710.6100.0 OR86.16.87.1100.0 WA86.58.94.6100.0 Region84.46.79.0100.0 Table H.1. Heat Conditioning Classification (% floor area)

30. November 200830 Heating Fuel Selection Gas remains dominant in all system types, especially in ID and MT Decline in electric resistance space heat since the last review About 1/3 of the zone reheat is hot water; virtually all of the previous sample used electric reheat at the zone boxes Increase in heat pump usage HVAC

31. November 200831 StateElectricHeat Pump Natural Gas Other † None ID1.77.379.111.90 MT2.3095.62.10 OR13.77.274.24.80.1 WA15.610.268.85.20.3 Region12.48.672.76.30.2 1996-98 16.63.977.32.20 HVAC Table H.2. Heating Fuel (% floor area) † “Other” = geothermal, oil, propane

32. November 200832 Cooling Source Cooling is dominated by DX packages Economizer only, evaporative and ground water systems cool 6% of floor area 20% of the floor area has no cooling mostly in MT or warehouse applications Cooling patterns very similar to previous baseline HVAC StateDXWSHPChiller“Free*”None ID64.65.317.24.08.9 MT41.90.011.87.439.0 OR58.11.720.63.915.7 WA49.13.918.26.122.7 Region53.93.518.55.218.9 1996-9857.82.611.18.619.9 *Free: Economizer Cooling, Evaporative Cooling, Groundwater Cooling Table H.3. Cooling Source (% floor area)

33. November 200833 Building TypeDXWSHPChiller"Free*"None Assembly 74.40.07.8 8.0 9.9 College 25.30.051.0 0.3 23.4 Education 25.08.341.7 16.1 9.0 Grocery 81.70.0 2.9 15.3 Health Services 51.04.242.7 0.0 2.2 Hospital 6.80.091.9 0.0 1.3 Institution 49.40.925.5 8.3 15.9 Office 74.16.516.7 0.1 2.6 Other 80.90.0 2.8 16.4 Residential/Lodging 60.014.34.2 10.0 11.6 Restaurant / Bar 83.50.0 5.6 10.9 Retail 83.41.31.8 2.6 10.9 Warehouse 42.60.03.0 0.0 54.3 All Building Types53.93.518.55.218.9 *Free: Economizer Cooling, Evaporative Cooling, Groundwater Cooling HVAC Table H.4. Cooling Source (% of floor area)

34. November 200834 HVAC Systems Dominated by single-zone distribution (71%) 30% of all systems utilized hot or cold water 19% are multi-zone systems with reheat Small amount of underfloor systems, mostly associated with LEED ® buildings Distribution of systems are essentially the same as the previous baseline Numerous VFDs HVAC

35. November 200835 Delivery SystemAir/DXHydronicTotal Zone / Unit Heater14.01.215.3 Single-zone49.25.354.6 Single-zone VAV0.21.41.5 Multi-zone w/ reheat0.14.04.1 VAV w/ reheat6.09.215.1 VAV no reheat0.20.30.6 Heat Pump Loop0.03.5 2 pipe / 4pipe0.04.2 Underfloor Air Distribution0.11.21.3 Total69.830.2100.0 HVAC Table H.5. HVAC System Type (% of floor area)

36. November 200836 HVAC Table H.6. HVAC Controls (% floor area) StateEMS Continuous Fan Outside Air Control CO 2 Occupancy Sensor Warm-up Lockout ID 39.780.010.63.016.8 MT 43.681.714.86.39.7 OR 56.885.335.31.874.6 WA 60.183.940.28.754.6 Region 55.383.733.15.850.9

37. November 200837 Distribution of CO 2 Control Table H.7: Prevalence of CO Control Building Type % of Floor Area Represented by Buildings Reporting Control Assembly67 College28 Schools65 Grocery19 Health Services8 Hospital8 Institution57 Office12 Residential / Lodging40 Retail43 Warehouse2 Average33

38. November 200838 VFD Saturation 50% of all fan motors surveyed use VFD - virtually no other modulating control was observed 95% of variable air flow systems use VFD control 16% of single zone systems use VFD control 36% of multi-zone CV systems use VFD control HVAC

39. November 200839 Table H.8. Commissioning reported HVAC State % of buildings reporting commissioning % of floor area commissioned ID7.8627.86 MT7.4625.78 OR22.4234.84 WA26.6643.38 Region20.5837.60

40. November 200840 Building Envelope Building components largely unchanged from the 1996-1998 samples Glazing characteristics dominated by low-ε coatings Consistent improvement in window specifications –Low-ε coatings –Improved SHGC –Thermally improved frames Consistent increase in glazing area counter balances these improvements Envelope

41. November 200841 Building TypeIDMTORWARegion Assembly0.170.000.120.220.19 College0.10 0.130.11 Education0.150.100.150.14 Grocery0.260.000.180.120.14 Health Services0.160.070.170.130.14 Hospital0.100.200.120.100.11 Institution0.110.200.190.160.17 Office0.190.100.170.140.16 Other0.190.150.140.17 Residential/Lodging0.000.09 0.140.12 Restaurant / Bar0.210.000.190.240.20 Retail0.17 0.22 0.21 Warehouse0.330.210.170.270.26 All Building Types0.210.160.170.18 1996-980.170.120.200.17 Envelope Table E.1. Building Heat Loss Rates (UA/sf)

42. November 200842 Overall Heat Loss Rates

43. November 200843 Glazing Systems Increasing use of Low-ε Glass Improved overall glazing performance –U-values –SHGC Significant increase in Glazing area, most building types

44. November 200844 StateLow-εTintArgon ID81.561.81.8 MT86.639.336.2 OR95.843.511.9 WA79.932.423.9 Region85.540.416.9 1996-9864.773.88.6 Envelope Table E.2. Glass Characteristics (% of glass area)

45. November 200845 State Curtain Wall Manufact - ured Site Built ID17.429.553.1 MT13.749.137.2 OR26.420.653.0 WA18.424.956.7 Region20.924.454.7 Envelope Table E.4. Frame types (% of glazing area) StateAlum.VinylWood ID70.027.72.3 MT48.821.529.1 OR78.918.21.7 WA74.218.86.1 Region74.919.94.4 Table E.3. Window types (% of glazing area)

46. November 200846 U-ValueIDMTORWARegion1996-98 <0.4023.349.457.238.943.08.1 0.41-0.5051.841.833.0 35.732.5 0.51-0.604.47.88.315.611.530.6 >0.6020.61.01.512.59.828.7 Envelope Table E.5. Window U-Values (% of glass area)

47. November 200847 SHGCIDMTORWARegion1996-98 17-3552.445.741.741.443.112.9 35-5420.838.846.635.237.062.8 55-8622.214.611.721.818.44.2 Clear4.60.90.01.71.520.1 Envelope Table E.6. Window SHGC (% of glass area)

48. November 200848 Building TypeIDMTORWARegion1996-1998 Assembly22.90.010.116.315.89.4 College20.817.114.524.419.610.7 Education8.724.418.612.513.93.4 Grocery8.00.015.85.79.119.8 Health Services33.119.014.325.925.67.9 Hospital6.932.221.621.320.97.9 Institution19.65.219.215.217.27.8 Office37.39.924.330.228.627.0 Other14.210.27.83.59.714.4 Residential/Lodging0.019.019.326.324.520.0 Restaurant / Bar14.40.018.011.315.814.3 Retail8.45.114.711.311.2 Warehouse0.83.45.85.14.05.3 All Building Types12.38.316.314.914.7 1996-989.612.615.312.013.5 Envelope Table E.7. Glazing Area (% of wall area)

49. November 200849 Increased Glazing Areas

50. November 200850 Refrigeration Systems Three types of refrigeration systems identified in sample –Grocery systems Centralized compressor racks, remote cases, generally R404a or R22, heat recovery generally to hot water A few cases of heat recovery to space heat –Food Service Smaller distributed compressors for coolers, R22 or R404a, little heat recovery –Cold Storage Large ammonia (R717) systems running large refrigerated spaces Refrigeration

51. November 200851 Building Type Refrigeration Technologies Food ServiceGroceryNoneRef Warehouse Assembly 26.150.0073.850.00 College 22.580.0077.420.00 Education 29.010.0070.990.00 Grocery 0.00100.000.00 Health Services 0.950.0099.050.00 Hospital 19.650.0080.350.00 Institution 6.510.0093.490.00 Office 1.560.0098.440.00 Other 1.530.0098.470.00 Residential/Lodging 39.910.0060.090.00 Restaurant / Bar 100.000.00 Retail 35.1314.5550.320.00 Warehouse 2.170.0096.701.13 All Building Types 22.515.6271.740.14 Refrigeration Table R.1.Distribution of Refrigeration Systems (%)

52. November 200852 Compressors Compressors used throughout the sectors Most intensive in grocery applications Retail (big box) uses similar systems –Grocery application represents 20-30% of retail floor area –Less opportunity for heat recovery Restaurant, uses remote packaged compressor/condensers Refrigeration

53. November 200853 Building TypeHP/1000s.f.Std. Dev.N Assembly0.190.272 College0.070.022 Education0.040.0331 Grocery3.041.4318 Health Services0.01 2 Hospital0.05 6 Institution0.050.064 Office0.030.024 Other0.050.001 Residential/Lodging0.030.0213 Restaurant / Bar1.020.558 Retail0.980.8835 Warehouse1.441.055 Total0.661.09131 Table R.2. Refrigeration Compressor Intensity Refrigeration

54. November 200854 Cases Grocery applications –Reach-in (with doors) dominate low temp (<20ºF) applications –Medium and high temp cases (>30ºF) dominated by open cases, single-deck and multi-deck –Low temp cases represents 41% of the HP capacity in a grocery system and 30% of case length –Refrigerated walk-ins represent 6% of total floor area in grocery –Similar amount in Big Box Retail but only about 3% of floor area Food Service Applications –Walk-ins dominated by low temperature applications (50%) –Remote compressor/condenser packaged refrigeration –Wide variety of case types often self contained Refrigeration

55. November 200855 Case Type, Grocery Length (ft/1000 s.f.) Temperature Total (% of case length) low (% of case length) medium (% of case length) Coffin1.819.31 6.69 15.99 Multi-deck3.260.1635.20 35.36 Other*0.870.283.884.16 Reach In2.3421.975.0627.03 Service / Deli1.350.076.896.96 Single-deck1.170.0710.4310.50 Total1.9231.8768.13100.00 Refrigeration Table R.3. Grocery case type distribution *”Other” includes unique product cases such as pie cases and cheese displays.

56. November 200856 Building Type Walk-in area (area/1000sf) Low temp. (%) N Assembly5.6872 College1.9182 Education3.24234 Grocery60.51817 Health Services1.0642 Hospital3.1517 Institution4.7604 Office0.4324 Other3.601 Residential/Lodging1.92214 Restaurant / Bar66.5408 Retail28.62934 Warehouse66.3484 Total33.935133 Table R.4. Refrigerated Walk-in Rooms Refrigeration

57. November 200857 Refrigeration Lighting In groceries, refrigeration case lighting represents.23 w/s.f. as added lighting power for the entire store In big box retail with imbedded groceries, case lights add.12 w/s.f. to the overall LPD None of case lighting is incandescent Refrigeration

58. November 200858 Interviews 151 interviews from design teams for sampled buildings; focused on attitudes, design strategies, and code compliance; interviewees were: –Architects (55%), Engineers (mechanical) (38%), + Contractors, Owners Interviews Efficiency ImportanceIDMTORWARegion1999 Very important2343 4439 Very important (1999)002824 Moderately important234311302631 Not important531443253346 Table I.1. Importance of energy efficiency (% of respondents)

59. November 200859 Energy Use Bills collected on as many of the 350 buildings as possible Limitations because of building definitions, billing releases, campus operations, etc 283 billing sets received, 192 buildings with complete EUIs, 170 buildings with complete EZSim runs. EUIs compared to CBSA dataset of 253 buildings No statistical significance in differences between the samples

60. November 200860 EUI Comparison, Other Samples Building Type EUI BaselineCBSACEUSCBECS Assembly 83.161.6— 68.7 College 62.267.876.1 83.1 Education 61.458.941.6 83.1 Grocery 219.8255.5167.3 199.7 Health Services 111.884.9 142.3 94.6 Hospital 193.5218.2 249.2 Institution 75.2141.8— 115.8 Office 71.780.872.8 92.9 Other 102.5106.256.8 164.4 Residential/Lodging 64.1141.483.7 100.0 Restaurant/Bar 451435.6346.7 258.3 Retail 95.596.552.7 91.3 Warehouse 70.560.556.8 45.2

61. November 200861 EUIs: Baseline 2002, CBSA

62. November 200862 Conclusions Only moderate improvement in lighting mostly due to improvement in ID and MT Envelope component improvements countered by other changes in component specification Increase in central control systems Much better local controls (OS, CO2) EUI data suggests that he attention to energy efficiency has not resulted in significant performance improvements Substantial increase in interest in energy efficiency Conclusions

63. November 200863 Missions Accomplished T12’s are nearly gone High saturation of electronic ballasts Low-ε glass is wide spread VFD saturation is very high in variable loads and making way into traditional CV areas. 98% of buildings use advanced exit lighting –84% use LED exit lights –14% use Luminescent (zero watt) lamps (retail chains) Conclusions

64. November 200864 Program Ideas High Performance T8s OS lighting control of large open areas OS & CO 2 ventilation control OA lock out on night cycling in small equipment Work with hospitals on night operations Work with groceries on HR to space Encourage less glazing and better window frames Enforce more complete documentation On-site short-term efficiency managers Conclusions