1. Learning
How do we learn?

3. What is Classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

4. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
Neutral Stimulus = Tone
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone
When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

5. Example

6. Example

7. Example Father spanks son for swearing.
Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________?
Conditioned stimulus

8. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators

9. What is generalization?

10. Do you remember? Who developed classical conditioning?
How can you condition a cat to come when it is time to eat?
What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR
What is generalization?

11. What is Operant Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
Associating behavior with its consequences
E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

12. What does reinforcement do?
Positive reinforcement
Increases behavior
Give something a person wants
E.g. Vending machine
Negative reinforcement
Remove an unwanted stimulus
E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging

13. Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

14. What are primary & secondary reinforcers?
Primary = Innately reinforcing
Food & Sex
Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)
Associated with a primary reinforcer
E.g. Money
Food
Want
Food
Want

15. Do you want immediate or delayed Reinforcement?
Immediate reinforcement is more motivating
A smaller check now is immediate reinforcement.
As opposed to delayed reinforcement
A larger paycheck at the end of the month.
Lottery payout
Saving for retirement
Social Security at age 62 or 70

16. What are reinforcement schedules?
Continuous
Every time
Partial (Intermittent)
Fixed ratio
$15 for every 3 pages you write
Fixed Interval
$15 for every hour you work
Variable ratio
$15 after varying # of pages
(You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again)
Variable interval
$15 given at various times during the day
What reinforcement schedule does a slot machine use?
What reinforcement schedule does your employer use?

17. What does punishment do?
Positive punishment
Reduces behavior
Get something you don’t want
Time out, spanking, or jail
Negative punishment
What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
Problem with punishment
Creates anger, fear, resistance
Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

18. How does shaping work?
Reinforce closer and closer approximations of what you want
Cookies to reinforce quiet play
Each time they need to play longer to get the cookies
M&M therapy
Animal behavior

19. Do you remember? Who developed operant conditioning?
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
What is an example of positive and negative reinforcement?
What is an an example of five reinforcement schedules?
What is an example of shaping?

20. What kinds of motivation do you have?
Internal (intrinsic) Motivation
Hobby - You like doing it
External (outside) motivation
Job - You get money for doing it

21. How does thinking effect your behavior?
Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward.
We think about it, and ask:
How much of the reward do I get?
What are the chances of getting the reward?
Is the reward worth it?

22. What is observational Learning?
Albert Bandura
Modeling - Bobo doll experiment
E.g. Child turning the key to start the car
(without explicit training)
Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad

23. Do you remember? What do you do because of internal motivation?
What do you do because of external motivation?
How does cognitive processes (thinking) effect rewarded behavior?
What did you learn with observational behavior?