1. MYERS CH. 6 LEARNING

2. The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner. Three types: 1) Classical Conditioning 2) Operant Conditioning 3) Observational Learning

3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov: “Forty Studies” Behaviorist Def: when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

4. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMINOLOGY Unconditioned Stimulus : something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism Unconditioned Response : a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus : a stimulus that is initially neutral that produces no reliable response in an organism Condition Response : a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is by a conditioned stimulus

5. Figure 6.3 Pavlov ’ s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

6. WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT Unconditioned Stimulus: Squirt of water Unconditioned Response: Flinch Conditioned Stimulus: “CAN” Conditioned Response: Flinch

7. Classical Conditioning

10. MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMS Acquisition : the stage when the CS and US are paired together. Generalization : when the CR occurs even if the CS is slightly different Discrimination : the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.

11. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED As you watch the clip, identify the following: UCS Tasting an altoid UCR Minty fresh breath CS Hearing the computer booting up CR Strange, gross feeling in mouth

12. SHELDON TRAINS PENNY OPERANT CONDITIONING

13. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

14. OPERANT CONDITIONING SKIING SQUIRREL SKIING SQUIRREL Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior HeroRATS Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the response will be inforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS)

15. TYPES OF REINFORCERS Positive reinforcement— strengthens behavior via reward Negative reinforcement— strengthens behavior via removing something negative

16. PUNISHMENT Positive punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by adding something bad Negative punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by taking away something good

17. Positive Reinforcement “Reward” + good  behavior Negative Reinforcement --bad  behavior Positive Punishment + bad  behavior Negative Punishment --good  behavior

18. I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS! (I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE WITH WATER) When you enter the room the class will try to shape your behavior using a method of operant conditioning.

19. YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING CHALLENGE I challenge you to train me using operant conditioning methods You have one month and you have to agree as a class what you will try to accomplish. You can debrief me at the end of class on November 28 th...the Wednesday after Thanksgiving Break. This will be a great opportunity to measure extinction and spontaneous recovery!

20. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT Continuous reinforcement— reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs Good: learning happens quickly Bad: extinction occurs quickly Intermittent reinforcement— responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not Good: greater resistance to extinction Bad—learning occurs more slowly

21. TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after a set number of responses Examples?

22. TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses Examples?

23. TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT Fixed-interval schedules: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. Examples?

24. TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT Variable-interval schedule: reinforce the first response after a varying time interval Examples?

25. THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM STRAIGHT… 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have a distinct pattern, or do you see something that seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable. 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of time? Pick either ratio or interval.

26. MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

27. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT Teachers use operant conditioning methods in various ways while grading assignments. How do you feel when a teacher doesn’t give reinforcement for every assignment?

28. REWARDS AND MOTIVATION Would greater rewards motivate you more? "Drive"

29. AKA SOCIAL LEARNING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

30. Trenton and the iPhone...I didn’t reinforce any behavior...he simply watched me and figured out how to use it.

31. MIRROR NEURONS Yawning Empathy

32. BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL Forty studies