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Chapter 7
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Fear of commitment Fear of the dark Fear of intimacy Fear of spiders Fear of heights
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Basic Emotion! Universal cognitive appraisals, facial expressions, physiological, brain activation In response to a physical threat Preparedness! Cognitive Appraisal Theory: Novel, Unexpected, Unpleasant, Urgent, Externally caused, Low perceived control Dimensional! Highly unpleasant, highly arousing
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FEAR
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Just Reviewed: Cognitive Appraisals Subjective feelings Eliciting Events Emphasis on: Behavioral Changes Physiological Arousal Preparedness
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Short-lived response to a threat Threat = Loss + Need Threat typically physical injury or death
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Fear AUs = 1+2+4+5+7+20+26
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Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle ReflexFreezing FlightFight TIME
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Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminen ce Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME Muscular contractions Sudden, sensory change Initial threat perception Purpose: protection and preparation Executed in brainstem, then amygdala
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Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME Voluntary movements stop! Purposes: Explore perceived threat Avoid detection **Video
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Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME When to flee? When to fight? Facial and Vocal Expressions Pheromones
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Operant Conditioning Seek rewards, avoid punishers Attention Change – a type of behavior change Threats grab and hold our attention Visual Search Paradigm Attentional Blink Paradigm
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Pressed lever for food reward
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Now, light paired with food AND shock
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Pressed lever for food reward AVOID LEVER!
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Neutral Condition
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Threat Condition Affiliation Condition
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AMPX C R LAMPX R L
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Fear conditioning, SCR, and amygdala Review previous chapter Yellow-Blue Paradigm Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis Cortisol, GABA, and Noradrenaline
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No Response! ↑ SCR, Amygdala Activation
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.25 Breathing ↑ Pupils Dilate HR ↑ Sweat ↑ Finger T ↓ BP ↑ Cortisol ↑ Noradren. ↑ Physiological changes For fear CheerSilenceLoseWinBoo Round 3
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Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM) Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis
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Cortisol: Produced in adrenal gland, outside the brain Promotes fear conditioning CORT injection = FEAR! Depletion of CORT = prevents fear conditioning GABA: neurotransmitters found in amygdala May inhibit fear GABA injection, benzodiazepenes = reduces fear and fear conditioning
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Released into amygdala, attaches to receptors, and promotes activation Response to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli Blocking NA release Lesions in nonhumans Propranolol in humans
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Conditions: Placebo: No drugs Experimental: Propranolol Watched 2 slides stories Neutral Threat Placebo – memory bias for threat Experimental – no memory bias
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Sensory areas in Thalamus Amygdala Stimulus Emotional Response Sensory Cortices
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Sensory areas in Thalamus Sensory Cortices Stimulus Emotional Response Amygdala
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Connects cortical to subcortical areas (older, reflexive behavior) Thalamus Processes coarse-grained stimuli Sensory Cortices (auditory, visual) More sophisticated processing Hypothalamus – Blood Pressure
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Can we learn to fear anything? Can we only fear certain objects that threaten our safety? What would basic emotions perspective say?
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(Ohman & Dimberg, 1978) ↑ SCR Extinction Returns to baseline ↑ SCR Fear Acquisition ↑ SCR
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Classical Conditioning and Taste Aversion Stimulus-Stimulus Operant Conditioning Stimulus-Response
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Fear of commitment Fear of the dark Fear of intimacy Fear of spiders Fear of heights
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