2. Chapter 7

3. Fear of commitment Fear of the dark Fear of intimacy Fear of spiders Fear of heights

4. Basic Emotion! Universal cognitive appraisals, facial expressions, physiological, brain activation In response to a physical threat Preparedness! Cognitive Appraisal Theory: Novel, Unexpected, Unpleasant, Urgent, Externally caused, Low perceived control Dimensional! Highly unpleasant, highly arousing

5. FEAR

6. Just Reviewed: Cognitive Appraisals Subjective feelings Eliciting Events Emphasis on: Behavioral Changes Physiological Arousal Preparedness

7. Short-lived response to a threat Threat = Loss + Need Threat typically physical injury or death

9. Fear AUs = 1+2+4+5+7+20+26

10. Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle ReflexFreezing FlightFight TIME

11. Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminen ce Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME Muscular contractions Sudden, sensory change Initial threat perception Purpose: protection and preparation Executed in brainstem, then amygdala

12. Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME Voluntary movements stop! Purposes: Explore perceived threat Avoid detection **Video

13. Inhibition Ongoing activities are momentarily suspended Activation Overt dealing with threat Threat Imminence Startle Reflex Freezi ng FlightFight TIME When to flee? When to fight? Facial and Vocal Expressions Pheromones

14. Operant Conditioning Seek rewards, avoid punishers Attention Change – a type of behavior change Threats grab and hold our attention Visual Search Paradigm Attentional Blink Paradigm

15. Pressed lever for food reward

16. Now, light paired with food AND shock

17. Pressed lever for food reward AVOID LEVER!

18. Neutral Condition

19. Threat Condition Affiliation Condition

20. AMPX C R LAMPX R L

21. Fear conditioning, SCR, and amygdala Review previous chapter Yellow-Blue Paradigm Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis Cortisol, GABA, and Noradrenaline

22. No Response! ↑ SCR, Amygdala Activation

23. .25 Breathing ↑ Pupils Dilate HR ↑ Sweat ↑ Finger T ↓ BP ↑ Cortisol ↑ Noradren. ↑ Physiological changes For fear CheerSilenceLoseWinBoo Round 3

24. Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM) Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis

25. Cortisol: Produced in adrenal gland, outside the brain Promotes fear conditioning CORT injection = FEAR! Depletion of CORT = prevents fear conditioning GABA: neurotransmitters found in amygdala May inhibit fear GABA injection, benzodiazepenes = reduces fear and fear conditioning

26. Released into amygdala, attaches to receptors, and promotes activation Response to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli Blocking NA release Lesions in nonhumans Propranolol in humans

27. Conditions: Placebo: No drugs Experimental: Propranolol Watched 2 slides stories Neutral Threat Placebo – memory bias for threat Experimental – no memory bias

29. Sensory areas in Thalamus Amygdala Stimulus Emotional Response Sensory Cortices

30. Sensory areas in Thalamus Sensory Cortices Stimulus Emotional Response Amygdala

31. Connects cortical to subcortical areas (older, reflexive behavior) Thalamus Processes coarse-grained stimuli Sensory Cortices (auditory, visual) More sophisticated processing Hypothalamus – Blood Pressure

32. Can we learn to fear anything? Can we only fear certain objects that threaten our safety? What would basic emotions perspective say?

33. (Ohman & Dimberg, 1978) ↑ SCR Extinction Returns to baseline ↑ SCR Fear Acquisition ↑ SCR

34. Classical Conditioning and Taste Aversion Stimulus-Stimulus Operant Conditioning Stimulus-Response

35. Fear of commitment Fear of the dark Fear of intimacy Fear of spiders Fear of heights