2. Late Effects Of Radiation Kyle Thornton RADL 70

3. Long Term Effects Malignant disease Local tissue damage Life-span shortening Genetic damage Potential effects to fetus

4. Modern Radiation Incidents Three Mile Island U.S 1979 Chernobyl USSR 1986 Fukushima Japan 2011

6. Three Mile Island Incident Loss of coolant - water that flows around core was lost Temperature of core rose – materials melted Meltdown did not reach the containment building – preventing a worse accident http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/three/sfeature /tmiwhat.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/three/sfeature /tmiwhat.html

7. Three Mile Island before Three Mile Island after

8. Three Mile Island - Results App. 10 MCi of Xenon- 133 released into atmosphere App. 15 Mci of Iodine- 131 Translates to: 8 mrem over 10 miles 2 mrem over 50 miles Expectations: App..7 additional cancer deaths/2 million people living in that region Anti-nuclear backlash caused increase in coal-generated electricity

9. Cherynobyl

10. Chernobyl Tons of uranium dioxide released into atmosphere Cesium 137 Iodine 131 203 out of 444 workers suffered ARS Most were 25 - 35 Many individuals in the 400-600 rem dose category survived Bone marrow transplants were helpful

11. Chernobyl Accident March 2006 The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel and without proper regard for safety. The resulting steam explosion and fire released at least five percent of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind. 28 people died within four months from radiation or thermal burns, 19 have subsequently died, and there have been around nine deaths from thyroid cancer apparently due to the accident: total 56 fatalities as of 2004. An authoritative UN report in 2000 concluded that there is no scientific evidence of any significant radiation-related health effects to most people exposed. This was confirmed in a very thorough 2005 study.

12. Chernobyl Fallout Chernobyl Fallout: Day 2Day 6Day 10

13. Chernobyl Fallout – Global Perspective

14. Fukushima, Japan Incident Yellow rain is falling on Tokyo Iodine 131 released into the air daily About 73% of that released in Chernobyl Cesium 137 – around 60% of Chernobyl Chernobyl burned for 10 days – Fukushima continued to emit cesium High cesium levels have been found in the soil near the site Iodine 131 exposure has led to thyroid cancer in children Cesium is not as definite Radioactive elements are flushing into the Pacific http://blog.alexanderhiggins.com/2011/03/24/newscientist-japan- radioactive-fallout-hits-73-chernobyl-levels-10613/ http://blog.alexanderhiggins.com/2011/03/24/newscientist-japan- radioactive-fallout-hits-73-chernobyl-levels-10613/

15. Half-lives of Iodine and Cesium Iodine 131 has a half-life in the body app. 8 days Cesium 137 stays in the body for thirty years and takes app. 10 – 100 days to excrete half of what is absorbed

16. Incidence Of Leukemia Due To Radiation Exposure First case of skin cancer due to radiation exposure in 1902 1911 - First noted case of radiation induced leukemia Increased incidence of leukemia in atomic bomb survivors

17. Bone Cancer Radium dial painters Ingested radium Radium deposited in bones Increased incidence of osteogenic sarcoma and osteoporosis Radon is very high LET radiation Alpha and Beta particles emitted

18. Radiologic Technologists And Occupational Exposure 104,000 technologists studied Cancer found in 3.6% of respondents 9% observable birth defects 98% wore monitors/ 95% wore lead aprons 10% radiographed each other during training Technologists found more likely to use radiologic services than general public Increases overall dose

19. Radon Exposure High indoor levels of radon in houses Active or passive exposure to cigarette smoking EPA attributes 5000 - 20,000 lung cancer deaths due to radon/year

20. Thyroid Cancer Children treated for for thymus hypertrophy experienced higher incidence in thyroid cancer Children treated for ringworm showed higher incidence in thyroid cancer Thyroid follows linear, nonthreshold dose- response relationship

21. Studies Showing Evidence Of Carcinogenesis In Humans Atomic Bomb Survivors Leukemia, Thyroid, Breast Marshall Islanders Some thyroid cancer Radium Dial Painters Bone cancer Early Radiologists Leukemia, skin cancer Multiple Chest Fluoroscopy Breast cancer Infants W/Enlarged Thymus Thyroid cancer Thorotrast Leukemia, Liver cancer In Utero Exposures Leukemia Iodine 131 Therapy ForThyroid Some leukemia Uranium Miners Lung cancer

22. Conclusions About Radiation- Induced Cancer Single exposure can be enough to elevate cancer incidence several years later There is no radiounique cancer Almost all cancers are associated with radiation Breast, bone marrow, and thyroid are especially radiosensitive The most prominent radiogenic tumor is leukemia Solid tumors have a latent period of 10 years Leukemia’s latent period is thought to be about 5 - 7 years Age of irradiated individual is most important factor Percentage increase in cancer incidence/rad varies between organs and types of cancers Dose-effect curves are best assumed to be linear

23. Skin Highly vascular organ Basal layer is constantly regenerating Most radiosensitive layer Late changes in skin sunburn, aging atrophy fibrosis change in pigmentation ulceration necrosis

24. Eyes Cataractogenesis Latent period may take up to 30 years Thought to be threshold, non-linear response About 200 rads All will develop cataracts at 1000 rads

25. Digestive System Small bowel is the most radiosensitive organs of the digestive system 500 rads atrophy, strictures, fibrosis, ulceration 1000 rads Permanently destroy villi ulceration, fibrosis, necrosis

26. Urinary System Considered radioresistant 2500 rads can lead to renal failure

27. Growing Bone And Cartilage 100 rads Temporary halt in mitosis of developing bone cells 1000 rads Permanent suppression of mitosis Severe impact on both size and shape of bones in adulthood

28. Central Nervous System Considered radioresistant no known effects below 1000 rads

29. Cytogenetic damage Increased spontaneous abortions or still birth Altered sex ratios Leukemia and other neoplasms Increased infant mortality Increased congenital effects Decreased life expectancy Dominant inherited diseases Dwarfism, Polydactly, Huntington’s Chorea Recessive inherited diseases Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, hemophilia, albinism

30. Radiation Effects On Fetal Development Three basic stages in development Preimplantation Conception to 10 days post conception Organogenesis Cells implanted in uterine wall Cells begin differentiating into organs Fetal or growth stage Sixth week after conception Growth rather than new development

31. Principle Effects Of Radiation On Embryo Or Fetus Embryonic or fetal death Malformations Growth retardation Congenital defects Cancer induction

32. 10 - 25 Rule Doses of less than 10 rad No indication to terminate a pregnancy Doses between 10 and 25 rad Gray area for terminating pregnancy Doses above 25 rad Termination should be considered

33. Radiation Damage In Terms Of When Irradiated Cataracts 0-6 gestation days Herniation of the brain 0 - 37 days Embryonic death 4 - 11 days Anencephaly or microcephaly 9 - 90 days Anophthalmia 16 - 32 days Cleft palate 20 - 37 days Skeletal disorders 25 - 85 days Growth disorders 54 +

34. Doses To Embryo Per Procedure Based on overhead films only Average number of films/examination Note: Many of these exams are not conducted regularly Barium Enema - 800 mrad Cholecystrogram - 80 mrad IVP - 800 mrad Pelvis - 200 mrad UGI - 50 mrad

35. Doubling Dose Dose of radiation that will produce twice the frequency of genetic mutations than without radiation exposure Mutations occur in nature with certain frequency

36. Genetically Significant Dose The dose equivalent to the reproductive organs that would bring about genetic injury to the population if received by the total population The estimated GSD for the US is about 20 mrem