1. On a blank piece of paper, write down everything that is in RED. On your textbook, look under “asexual reproduction”, and “sexual reproduction” on the index and read pages listed.

2. Methods of Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual

3. Asexual Reproduction: requires only 1 parent offspring are exact copy of the parent: a clone No genetic variety in the population: organisms are “copies” of the original.

4. Types of asexual reproduction: Binary fission Budding Fragmentation/Regeneration Spore formation Parthenogenesis Assexual rep. 2.4 min

5. Binary fission divide into two equal halves Single cell organisms examples: Amoeba, paramecium, euglena binary fission bacteria

6. When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective way of producing many, many offspring. For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and divide again in the space of 8 hours.

7. Budding offspring Cactus Budding an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Offspring smaller than parent cell budding yeast budding yeast Hydra Budding yeast

8. Fragmentation/Regeneration piece of parent organism produce an offspring. Plant cuttings: Some plants can grow from cutting them up and replanting them. »coral reproductioncoral reproduction Pieces of coral broken off in storms can grow into new colonies. A new starfish can grow from one detached arm.

9. Green plants are quite sophisticated in their methods of asexual reproduction. Offspring may be produced by runners, bulbs, rhizomes or tubers. runnersSuckers/buds tubers

10. Spore Formation spores grow into multicellular individuals Examples: Algae, fungi mushroom spores

11. Parthenogenesis (natural cloning) Eggs develop without fertilization. Examples: invertebrates, several fish, amphibians, reptiles, many plants. no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals. comodo dragon

12. Sexual Reproduction Needs 2 parents: –male and female –Gametes (sex cells: egg and sperm) Egg joins sperm to form zygote (new organism) Offspring are different from parent Diversity because of exchange of genetic material in meiosis Genetic variation improves survival (evolution)

13. Sexual Reproduction:

14. Types of sexual reproduction: Pollination External Fertilization Internal Fertilization/Copulation Hermaphroditism

15. pollen attaches to female egg, found in stigma. Pollen is male sex cells in plants. Found in flower’s anthers. Pollination

16. External Fertilization requires a medium (water): sperms swim to the egg cell. fish and amphibians females lay the eggs in the water and the male squirts the sperm in the same area. oscar fish oscar fry

17. Internal Fertilization Fertilization occurs within the female. mammals, insects, birds, reptiles. –Mammals have live births –Insects, birds, reptiles, lay eggs

18. Hermaphroditism organisms have both reproductive organs: ovarian and testicular tissue Example: snails, starfish, sand dollar, worms, seahorses, grouper, sea bass

19. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Asexual –Mitosis generates cells –Somatic cells (ex.: skin cells) or unicellular organisms –offspring that are genetically identical to the parent –Needs 1 parent. Sexual –Meiosis generates sex cells –Sex cells or gametes (sperm and egg) –offspring is genetically different from parent –Needs 2 parents (male and female)

20. Asexual Reproduction Advantages: 1. large number of offspring 2. less energy 3. No sex organs or opposite sex partners Disadvantages: 1. No genetic variation 2. Less likely to survive changes in environment (evolution) 3. No protection of young decreases survival

21. Sexual Reproduction Advantages: 1. genetic diversity 2. More chances to survive changes in environment (evolve) 3. Caring for young increases survival Disadvantages: 1. reproduce less frequently & have fewer offspring 2. More energy to protect and nurture offspring 3. Non-nurturers leave offspring vulnerable to predators