1. Animal Reproduction Methods

2. Methods 1. Live Cover 1. Live Cover 2. Artificial Insemination 2. Artificial Insemination 3. Embryo transplant 3. Embryo transplant 4. Cloning 4. Cloning

3. Live Cover Two live animals (one male and one female) Two live animals (one male and one female) Advantages Advantages You can actually see when the breeding occurs You can actually see when the breeding occurs You can hand pick the male and female that are in your area You can hand pick the male and female that are in your area Relatively cheap Relatively cheap

4. Live Cover continued Disadvantages Disadvantages Spread diseases Spread diseases Either animal may be injured Either animal may be injured Usually these animals are very expensive depending on the species and breed Usually these animals are very expensive depending on the species and breed There may not be a suitable male in your area to breed your female to There may not be a suitable male in your area to breed your female to

5. Artificial Insemination AI AI Only the female is present (the male is only used for heat detection) Only the female is present (the male is only used for heat detection) Semen is collected from the male using a female “dummy” Semen is collected from the male using a female “dummy” The semen is then examined for motility (movement) and morphology (shape of the sperm) The semen is then examined for motility (movement) and morphology (shape of the sperm)

6. Artificial Insemination continued An extender is added An extender is added Milk, egg yolk or glycerin Milk, egg yolk or glycerin Dilutes the semen Dilutes the semen Protects the sperm in the semen when it is frozen Protects the sperm in the semen when it is frozen Divide the semen into different units (dosages) Divide the semen into different units (dosages)

7. AI continued The sperm is checked for motility again and then placed into straws The sperm is checked for motility again and then placed into straws Each straw has enough semen for one breeding Each straw has enough semen for one breeding Semen is cooled slowly to 62 °F Semen is cooled slowly to 62 °F Stored and transported in a sealed cooler Stored and transported in a sealed cooler

8. AI continued The female needs to be in standing estrus (heat or the time that the female will breed with the male) The female needs to be in standing estrus (heat or the time that the female will breed with the male) Female(s) can be given a shot to induce estrus Female(s) can be given a shot to induce estrus AI many females at once AI many females at once You control when they deliver You control when they deliver The semen is then warmed prior to insemination The semen is then warmed prior to insemination The straw is placed in a tube like instrument The straw is placed in a tube like instrument

9. AI continued The non-writing hand is placed up the rectum (horses and cattle only) The non-writing hand is placed up the rectum (horses and cattle only) The writing hand holds the straw and only the straw is inserted into the vulva The writing hand holds the straw and only the straw is inserted into the vulva The semen is then deposited into the uterus The semen is then deposited into the uterus Then you let nature takes its course Then you let nature takes its course Advantages: Advantages: Don’t spread diseases Don’t spread diseases Can order semen from around the world Can order semen from around the world Wider variety of males to choose from Wider variety of males to choose from

10. AI continued Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Need tools Need tools Spirette (fake penis) Spirette (fake penis) Packages of semen Packages of semen Must be ordered before the female is in estrus/heat Must be ordered before the female is in estrus/heat Can be expensive Can be expensive No guarantee that it will work No guarantee that it will work

11. Embryo Transplant Similar to AI Similar to AI No male is present but there is a female No male is present but there is a female Unfertilized eggs are taken out of a very good female Unfertilized eggs are taken out of a very good female The eggs are then fertilized in a lab The eggs are then fertilized in a lab About 6-8 fertilized eggs are then put back into the original female, plus other females About 6-8 fertilized eggs are then put back into the original female, plus other females The other females are like surrogates The other females are like surrogates

12. Embryo Transplant continued Advantages: Advantages: Take eggs from a superior female and put those newly fertilized eggs into inferior females- all of the offspring will have the genetic potential of the female that the eggs were taken from, not the other surrogate mothers Take eggs from a superior female and put those newly fertilized eggs into inferior females- all of the offspring will have the genetic potential of the female that the eggs were taken from, not the other surrogate mothers Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Very expensive Very expensive A vet needs to do this procedure A vet needs to do this procedure

13. Cloning Making an exact genetic copy of one animal or plant Making an exact genetic copy of one animal or plant Asexual reproduction= NO SEX (no sperm is involved) Asexual reproduction= NO SEX (no sperm is involved) Taking genetic material from one “parent” only Taking genetic material from one “parent” only Cloning plants is very easy and is done all the time Cloning plants is very easy and is done all the time Cloning animals is a little harder Cloning animals is a little harder

14. Cloning continued Take an egg from a female and remove the DNA Take an egg from a female and remove the DNA Then DNA from another type of cell (skin, hair, heart etc.- any cell except a sex cell) is inserted into the egg Then DNA from another type of cell (skin, hair, heart etc.- any cell except a sex cell) is inserted into the egg Advantages: Advantages: Only need the DNA from one parent Only need the DNA from one parent Make an exact copy of something you want Make an exact copy of something you want

15. Cloning continued Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Expensive Expensive Controversial Controversial Unknown outcome (premature aging in Dolly) Unknown outcome (premature aging in Dolly) The cloned offspring may or may not do what the parent did The cloned offspring may or may not do what the parent did 1.Dolly 1.Dolly 2. Secretariat 2. Secretariat 3. Lassie 3. Lassie 4. Adolph Hitler 4. Adolph Hitler