1. Kingdom Protista
Chapter 21

2. What are Protists?
Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi
Protists are generally unicellular
Protists can be heterotrophs, autotrophs, or decomposers

3. Classification Protists are a very diverse groups of organisms
Different groups of Protists evolved independently from archaebacteria
Protists are generally classified by the way they obtain food. There are three main categories of Protists
Animal-like (Protozoa)
Plant-like (Algae)
Fungus-like

4. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)
Classified by their method of movement.
There are four phyla of Protozoans
Zooflagellates
Sarcodines
Ciliates
Sporozoans

5. Zooflagellates Animal-like Protists Use Flagella to move
Absorb food through their cell membrane
Live in lakes, streams, and inside other organisms

6. Form the basis of many food chains
Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission
Ex. Giardia- water borne protozoa that causes severe intestinal distress
Trichonympha –helps termites digest wood

7. Sarcodines Animal-like Use pseudopods for feeding and movement
Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission
Ex. Amoeba

8. Ciliates Use Cilia for feeding and movement
Cilia- short hairlike projections
Found in lakes, streams, and oceans

9. Use self-defense mechanisms known as a trichocyst
Reproduce by binary fission and conjugation
Ex. Paramecium

10. Sporozoans Do not move on their own Considered parasites
Complex life cycle, involve more than one host
Reproduce by sporozoites
Attach to host, penetrate it, and live within it
Ex. Pneumocystis carinii. – causes pneumonia in AIDS patients
Plasmodium vivax – causes malaria

11. Diseases
Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping disease
Malaria
million people suffer from Malaria
2 million die each year
Plasmodium causes malaria
Female Anopheles Mosquito is the carrier

12. Malaria Life-cycle

13. Other Diseases Toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma gondii]
- Caused by eating raw meat
- May become infected through the
handling of cat litter boxes
- Symptoms are similar to the flu.
- Especially hazardous to pregnant women, may cause eye damage in the fetus

14. More Diseases African Sleeping sickness Amebic Dysentery Fatal
Caused by the bite of a
tsetse fly
Amebic Dysentery
Causes severe diarrhea

15. Plantlike Protists Contains green pigment chlorophyll
Carries out photosynthesis
Highly mobile

16. Euglenophytes Plantlike Two flagella Has eyespot
Helps find sunlight
No Cell Wall, but has a pellicle
Ex. - Euglena
eyespot

18. Dinoflagellates
Can be both heterotroph and autotrophs, some are both at the same time
Two flagella – causes to move in a spiral motion
Asexual reproductions by binary fission

19. Red Algae
Able to live at great depth due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy
Contain Chlorophyll a and phycobilins ( absorb blue light)
Multicelluar
Lack flagella

20. Brown Algae Contains Chlorophyll a and c as well as fucoxanthin
Largest and most complex
Multicellular
Mostly found in shallow coastal water
Ex. - Kelp

21. Green Algae Have chlorophyll a and b Store food in the forms of starch
Very similar to plants
Contain cellulose in their cell wall

22. Human Uses of Algae -Often rich in vitamin C and iron Medicine
-treat stomach ulcers, arthritis, and high blood pressure
Food
-ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, candy bars, pancake syrups, and eggnog
Industry
-chemicals from algae are used to make plastics, waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, and even artificial wood
Science laboratories
-Remember Agar!!!

23. Fungus-like Protist
Like fungi, fungus-like protist are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist have centrioles

24. Slime Molds Recycle organic matter Closely resemble amoebas
Multi-cellular

25. Fungi
- Chapter 21

26. The Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have
cell walls.
These cell walls are made of chitin

27. The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many filaments called hyphae

28. Fungi Reproduction Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
The cells or hyphae may break off and begin to grow on their own.
Some fungi produce spores. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

29. Spores are Asexual

30. Fungi Classification Over 100,000 species.
Grouped according to their structure and method of reproduction.
Four main groups:
Molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi and
Imperfect Fungi

31. Molds - Phylum Zygomycota
Has both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle
Produces spores on structure called sporangia
Example: Bread Mold

32. Bread Mold

34. Sac Fungi Phylum Ascomycota
Both a sexual and asexual phase in it’s life cycle
Produces spores on structure called asci which form on the inside of the cup
Examples:
Yeast
Morels

35. Yeast

36. Morels

37. Morels

38. Club Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota
Both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle
Produces spores on structures called basidia
Basidia are found on the gills that grow on the underside of a mushroom cap

40. Club Fungi (con’t.) Includes many edible and poisonous varieties
Examples: Button, Portobello and Shitaki mushrooms

41. Club Fungi

42. The Imperfect Fungi Phylum Deuteromycota
No sexual phase of their life cycle has been observed.
Example:
Penicillin

43. Penicillin

44. Ecology of Fungi
Fungi are found in all ecosystems in all environments on Earth
All fungi are heterotrophs
They cannot move to capture food, but their mycelia grow into the tissues and cells of organisms.
Many are saprobes, which obtain food from decaying organic matter
Some are parasites
Some are symbionts

45. Fungi as Decomposers
Fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms.
Without fungi and other decomposers, energy-rich compounds would forever be trapped in the bodies of dead organisms.
If these materials were not returned, the soil would quickly be depleted, and Earth would become lifeless.

47. Fungi as Parasites
Some fungi cause tremendous losses of food and crops.
A few fungi cause human disease.
Example: ringworm, athletes foot fungus, yeast infections.

48. Ringworm

49. Athletes Foot Fungus

51. Symbiotic Relationships
Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit.
Lichen: An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic bacteria or algae.
Lichens are often pioneer species

52. Lichens

53. Mycorrhizae: a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant
Mycorrhizae: a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The fungus supplies the plant with water and minerals. The plant supplies the fungus with sugars from photosynthesis

54. Micorrhizae