1. Reproduction Reproduction = producing a new copy of something Reproduction = producing a new copy of something Reproduction can be Reproduction can be Asexual Asexual biological process by which an organism creates a genetically similar copy of itself without the combination of genetic material with another individual. biological process by which an organism creates a genetically similar copy of itself without the combination of genetic material with another individual. Sexual Sexual a biological process by which organisms create descendants through the combination of genetic material. These organisms have two different adult sexes, male and female. a biological process by which organisms create descendants through the combination of genetic material. These organisms have two different adult sexes, male and female.

2. Asexual Reproduction in Plants Natural Vegetative Reproduction Ch. 20 - Pgs 408-411 Ch. 20 - Pgs 408-411 Most plants reproduce sexually but vegetative reproduction involving roots, stems and leaves is also common. Most plants reproduce sexually but vegetative reproduction involving roots, stems and leaves is also common. Cambium and epidermal tissues differentiate to form a new plant Cambium and epidermal tissues differentiate to form a new plant

3. 1. Bulbs A short underground stem surrounded by thick fleshy leaves that contain stored food. A short underground stem surrounded by thick fleshy leaves that contain stored food. As the plant grows new bulbs sprout from the old one. Each bulb can give rise to a new plant. As the plant grows new bulbs sprout from the old one. Each bulb can give rise to a new plant.

5. 2. Tubers Underground storage stems from which new plants can grow after a dormant season. Underground storage stems from which new plants can grow after a dormant season. “Eyes” – indentations on a tuber that can give rise to new plants. “Eyes” – indentations on a tuber that can give rise to new plants. The new stem uses the stored food until in can carry on photosynthesis. The new stem uses the stored food until in can carry on photosynthesis.

6. Mountain Buffalo

7. 3. Stolons An above ground runner from which plants roots can grow to start off a new plant. An above ground runner from which plants roots can grow to start off a new plant. Where buds from a runner touch the ground, new independent plants can grow. Where buds from a runner touch the ground, new independent plants can grow.

8. 4. Rhizomes An underground runner that gives rise to new plants. An underground runner that gives rise to new plants. Rhizomes are usually thick, fleshy and stores food Rhizomes are usually thick, fleshy and stores food Plants arise from nodes on the rhizome. Plants arise from nodes on the rhizome.

9. Artificial Vegetative Reproduction Common in horticultural production (fruits & vegetables). Common in horticultural production (fruits & vegetables). These techniques allow producers to grow plants with desirable traits. These techniques allow producers to grow plants with desirable traits.

10. 1. Cuttings (2 Types) a) Stem Cuttings – a branch, or slip, is cut from a plant and placed in water or moist sand. Usually the bottom of the clipping is dipped into hormones to promote root development. Which hormones? Common with geraniums, roses, ivy and grapevines. Common with geraniums, roses, ivy and grapevines.

11. b) Leaf Cutting – A leaf or part of a leaf is placed in water or moist soil. A new plant will arise from the base of the leaf. Common with African violet, snake plant and begonias. Common with African violet, snake plant and begonias.

12. 2. Layering A stem is bent over so that part of it is covered with soil. The covered part will develop roots and the cut from the parent plant and replanted as a new plant. A stem is bent over so that part of it is covered with soil. The covered part will develop roots and the cut from the parent plant and replanted as a new plant. Common with raspberries, roses and honeysuckle. Common with raspberries, roses and honeysuckle. This also occurs naturally. This also occurs naturally.

13. Air Layering Trench Layering Tip Layering

14. 3. Grafting A stem or bud is removed from one plant and permanently joined to the stem of a closely related plant. A stem or bud is removed from one plant and permanently joined to the stem of a closely related plant. The 2 parts are held together by tape, wax or commercial grafting compounds. The 2 parts are held together by tape, wax or commercial grafting compounds. The part providing the root is called the stock and the bud is called the scion. The part providing the root is called the stock and the bud is called the scion. The scion will keep its characteristics on the new root stock. The scion will keep its characteristics on the new root stock.

17. Advantages of Vegetative Propagation Decreases variation in crops. Decreases variation in crops. Faster reproduction than by seed. Faster reproduction than by seed. Fruit will be produced faster through grafting. Fruit will be produced faster through grafting. Plants bearing seedless fruit can reproduce by this method. Plants bearing seedless fruit can reproduce by this method.

18. Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Angiosperms reproduce sexually through flowers. Angiosperms reproduce sexually through flowers. Seeds are protected within the ovary of the flower which develops into a fruit. Seeds are protected within the ovary of the flower which develops into a fruit.

19. Parts of the Flower The sepals are the green “leaves” that encase the flower before it blooms. All of the sepals form the calyx at the base of the flower. The sepals are the green “leaves” that encase the flower before it blooms. All of the sepals form the calyx at the base of the flower. All of the petals of the flower make up the corolla. All of the petals of the flower make up the corolla.

20. Parts of the Flower The anther and the filament make up the stamen = male parts of the flower. The anther and the filament make up the stamen = male parts of the flower. The anther produces the sperm which is encased in the pollen for transport to the female flower parts. The anther produces the sperm which is encased in the pollen for transport to the female flower parts.

21. Parts of the Flower The stigma, style and ovary make up the pistil = female flower parts. The stigma, style and ovary make up the pistil = female flower parts. The stigma is where the pollen attaches; the style is the structure the pollen tube must grow through to reach the ovary which produces the egg. When the egg is fertilized it creates the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit to protect the seeds. The stigma is where the pollen attaches; the style is the structure the pollen tube must grow through to reach the ovary which produces the egg. When the egg is fertilized it creates the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit to protect the seeds.

22. Fertilization of a Flower

23. Self – Pollination of Flowers Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma on the same plant. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma on the same plant. This is not ideal because the inbreeding limits them genetically. This is not ideal because the inbreeding limits them genetically. There are three common advantages: There are three common advantages: 1. A given genotype may be particularly adapted to an environment. Self-pollination helps keep this trait static. 2. Self-pollinating plants are not dependent on pollination agents. 3. Self-pollination is an advantage when the number of individuals is small or widely spaced.

24. Cross Pollination of Flowers This process is by which a flower is fertilized by the pollen from another plant of the same species. This process is by which a flower is fertilized by the pollen from another plant of the same species. The advantages of cross-pollination are genetic in nature. This creates genetic diversity in the plant population and reduces inbreeding. The advantages of cross-pollination are genetic in nature. This creates genetic diversity in the plant population and reduces inbreeding. Mechanisms of cross pollination are insects, wind, chemical suppressants, separate male and female flowers or plants, animals and genetic incompatibility Mechanisms of cross pollination are insects, wind, chemical suppressants, separate male and female flowers or plants, animals and genetic incompatibility

25. Types of Fruit 1. Simple Fruit – Fruit that develops from a single ovary.

26. 2. Aggregate Fruit Fruit is produced from a single flower that has many ovaries. Fruit is produced from a single flower that has many ovaries.

27. 3. Multiple Fruit Simple fruits of many flowers fuse together. Simple fruits of many flowers fuse together. A – Jackfruit B – Pineapple C - Breadfruit

28. Structure of the Seed Made up of the seed coat, embryo and endosperm. Made up of the seed coat, embryo and endosperm. All seed plants have at least one seed leaf or cotyledon. All seed plants have at least one seed leaf or cotyledon. Monocot seeds have an endosperm in which food is stored for the developing embryo. Monocot seeds have an endosperm in which food is stored for the developing embryo. Food is stored in the 2 cotyledons of dicot seeds for the embryo. Food is stored in the 2 cotyledons of dicot seeds for the embryo.

29. Structure of the Seed (cont.) Before the seed can germinate, water has to enter the seed. Before the seed can germinate, water has to enter the seed. Water enter through a structure called the micropyle. This is a small hole in the seed coat that allows water to enter and allow for germination. Water enter through a structure called the micropyle. This is a small hole in the seed coat that allows water to enter and allow for germination. Seeds can remain dormant for long periods of time until conditions become right for germination. Seeds can remain dormant for long periods of time until conditions become right for germination.

30. Structure of the Seed (cont.) In addition to the cotyledons, the embryo has 3 parts: In addition to the cotyledons, the embryo has 3 parts: 1. Epicotyl (Plumule)– The part of the embryo above the point of attachment of the cotyledons. Gives rise to the leaves and upper stem. 2. Hypocotyl – below the point of attachment but above the radicle. Gives rise to the lower stem. 3. Radicle – lower part of the embryo. Forms the roots of the plant.

32. radicle epicotyl

33. Dispersal of Seeds 1.Water. eg. Water Lilly 2.Wind. eg. Dandelion 3.Animal fur. eg. Cockleburr 4.Through animal digestive tract spread with feces. Eg. Mountain ash, choke- cherry, strawberry and saskatoon berry