1. What did Mr. Fungus say to Ms. Algae, when he proposed? I lichen you!
Ch. 21 Fungi
What did Mr. Fungus say to Ms. Algae, when he proposed?
I lichen you!

2. Ch. 21 Outline 21-1: The Kingdom Fungi 21-2: Classification of Fungi
What are Fungi?
Structure and Function of Fungi
Reproduction in Fungi
How Fungi Spread
21-2: Classification of Fungi
The Common Mold
The Sac fungi
The Club Fungi
The Imperfect Fungi

3. Ch. 21 Outline 21-3: Ecology of Fungi All Fungi are Heterotrophs
Fungi as Decomposers
Fungi as Parasites
Symbiotic Relationships

4. What are Fungi
Fungi used to be classified with plants, but they are actually very different than plants
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls
Cell walls made up of chitin (Complex carbohydrate found in the exoskeleton of insects)
Fungi do not ingest their food, they break it down outside their bodies by secreting enzymes. Then, they absorb it.

5. Structure and Function of Fungi
All fungi are multicellular except for yeasts
Hyphae: thin filaments that make up fungi.
Some hyphae have cross walls in them (cell walls with openings in them)
Hyphae have many nuclei in them

6. Hyphae Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Without Cross Walls Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Hyphae With Cross Walls
Hyphae Without Cross Walls

7. Structure and Function of Fungi
The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangles together into a thick mass called a mycelium.
This gives fungi a very large surface area to absorb nutrients.
Fruiting body: reproductive structure growing from the mycelium
Ex. The Part of the mushroom you see!

8. Fruiting Body and Mycelium
Hyphae
Mycelium

9. Reproduction in Fungi Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
Asexual  happens when a hypha breaks off and grows on its own or by the production of spores
Spores: reproductive cell that is capable of growing into new organisms by mitosis alone
Sprorangia: the structure that produce spores
Sexual  two different fungi mate

10. How Fungi Spread Fungal spores are found in almost every environment.
Ex. Mold grows everywhere it seems!
Many spores are light and dry  easily scattered by wind.
Others are dispersed by animals.

11. Classification of Fungi
There are over 100,000 species of fungi. They are classified based on their structure and method of reproduction.
Four main groups:
Zygomycota (common molds)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)

12. are divided into the phyla
Concept Map
Section 21-2
Fungi
are divided into the phyla
Ascomycota
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota
includes
includes
includes
includes
Common molds
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Imperfect fungi

13. The Common Molds
Zygomycetes are the molds you see on cheese, breads, and meat. They are characterized by the zygospore in their life cycle.
Zygospore: resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the life cycle.
Rhizoid: root-like structure that anchors the fungi

14. Black Bread Mold FERTILIZATION Sporangium Gametangia Spores (N)
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
+ Mating type (N)
Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)
Sporangiophore
Gametangia
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid

15. The Sac Fungi
The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores.
Ascospores: the spores produced in an ascus.
Yeasts are an example of Sac Fungi.
Uses of yeast: baking breads and brewing alcohol

16. Ascomycota Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Ascus (N + N) Diploid
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Conidia (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
Zygote (2N)
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)
Hyphae (N + N)
Gametangia
Asci
Hyphae (N)
Diploid
Haploid
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

17. Ascomycota

18. The Club Fungi
The Phylum Basidiomycota gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.
Basidium: the spore-bearing structure in Basidiomycota
Example of club fungi: Mushrooms

19. Basidiomycota Fruiting body (N + N) Button Secondary mycelium (N + N)
Primary mycelium (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
Basidia (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
Gills
Stalk
Base
Cap
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS

20. The Imperfect Fungi
Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum. It is composed of those fungi that are not placed in the other phyla because researches have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycle.
Example: Penicillin notatum
(The Source of Penicillin)

21. All Fungi are Heterotrophs
Many Fungi are saprobes: obtain their food from decaying organic matter.
Others are parasites or symbiotes (live in beneficial relationships with another organism).

22. Fungi as Decomposer
Fungi play an important role in ecosystems because they break down and recycle nutrients.
They secrete enzymes outside of their hyphae and then absorb nutrients.

23. Fungi as parasites
Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases
Ex. Athlete’s Foot

24. Symbiotic Relationships
Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. These are often essential to the ecosystem.
Lichens: association between a fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria.
The algae/cyanobacteria provide the fungus with food (since they are photosynthetic)
The fungus provides a large surface area to collect water and minerals
Lichens can exist in extreme environments (drought, cold) and are many times the first to inhabit in an area.

25. Lichens

26. Symbiotic Relationships
Mycorrhizae: The association of plant roots and fungi
Plants provide the food (photosynthesis)
Fungi increases the surface area for absorption
About 80% of plants are in this type of relationship
This association is essential for many plants to survive and reproduce

27. Mycorrhizae