1. Announcements  Pick up your collections by Wed PM.  Q. & A. session Thursday 11 December 11:00 AM in Rm 124 BSE.  Comprehensive final exam, Monday 15 December, 11:00 AM-1:00 PM. Will include some sight ID (20 specimens, 29 points).

2. Field Botany Renewable Natural Resources 230 Semester summary

3. Course overview and plant growth forms  Who is this guy?  Why Field Botany?  Goals, organization and mechanics  What we will do  How we will do it  Describing plants and their growth forms 3Course overview

4. Cells, tissues and organs Cells, tissues, and organs  Vegetative  Stems  Leaves  Roots  Reproductive  Flowers/cones  Seeds  Fruits

5. Photosynthesis and water relations  Photosynthesis: The single most important chemical reaction in the biosphere  Light reactions + carbon fixation reactions  CO 2 uptake means water loss (transpiration)  Three photosynthetic pathways  Water relations  Forces driving transpiration  Strategies for coping with drought 5Photosynthesis & water relations

6. Primary growth  Contrasting growth and development  Primary growth = growth in length 6

7. Secondary growth  Secondary growth = growth in girth  Vascular cambium is a cylindrical meristem  Cork cambium is a cylindrical meristem  Wood development in (columnar) cacti Secondary growth7

8. Plant reproduction Reproduction  What is reproduction?  Asexual reproduction  Sexual reproduction 8

9. Systematics  Systematics  Taxonomy  Phylogenetics 9 = the scientific study of biological diversity

10. Evolutionary processes and their outcomes Evolution  The agents of evolutionary change  Adaptation is the result of natural selection  Speciation: the origin of species 10

11. Interactions among plants and other organisms Plants interacting  Competition  Facilitation  Mutualism  Commensalism  Parasitism 11

12. Soils, geomorphology and plant growth Soils, geomorphology  Soils  Basic characteristics  Formation  Particle size and texture  Particles cluster to form structure  Pore space filled with air/water  Plants receive mineral nutrients from the soil  Geomorphology  Tectonic uplift and volcanism build up landscapes  Erosion and mass wasting lead to denudation that produces sediment 12

13. Weather, climate and the evolution of adaptation Weather, climate, and adaptation  Weather  Climate 13

14. Methods for describing vegetation Describing vegetation14  Community basics  Describing communities  Species richness  Evenness (diversity)  Physiognomy  The importance of time

15. Global vegetation patterns Biomes  Biome basics  Biome descriptions  Using your knowledge of biomes 15

16. Plants and ecosystem processes Plants as ecosystem players  Ecosystem basics  Biogeochemical cycles  Carbon in ecosystems  Nitrogen: the major nutrient 16

17. Succession  Succession basics  Disturbance  Primary succession  Secondary succession  Wind  Water  Disease  Humans  Fire*  Non-human animals*  Colonization and replacement 17

18. Fire and invasive plants Succession  Disturbance: Fire  Fire behavior and regimes  Fire adaptations  Meristem location  Meristem protection  Seed adaptations  Post-fire invasion  Cheatgrass in temperate shrublands  Buffelgrass in deserts  Special problems associated with pyrogenic plants: Temperate shrublands in California 18

19. Herbivory  Herbivory basics  Types of herbivores  Herbivory affecting vegetation and plant evolution  Herbivory can have effects over many scales  Herbivory at the level of individuals  Amount and plant part consumed is important  Different plants respond differently  Resistance  Avoidance  Tolerance  Herbivory and plant populations  Herbivore preference can affect abundance  Livestock grazing in southern Arizona  Bark beetles and conifers in the western U.S.  Mesquite invasion of desert grasslands 19

20. Paleoecology 20  Paleoecology basics  Tools for reconstructing past vegetation  Macro and microfossils  Lakes and bogs  Packrat middens  Tree rings  Historical ecology

21. Lecture title “Nothing else looks anything like this!”