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1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War
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Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”
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Causes of the War
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CAUSES European Rivalries: Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy sought to acquire new markets and to establish and expand global empires
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1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
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Causes Alliances: the defense agreements among nations. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (changed sides early) Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great Britain
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Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
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The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]
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Europe in 1914
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2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%
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3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
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4. Aggressive Nationalism
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Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe
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The “ Spark ”
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
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The Assassination: Sarajevo
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The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip
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Who’s To Blame?
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The Schlieffen Plan
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German Atrocities in Belgium
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Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!
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Recruitment Posters
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A Young Australian Recruit
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Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
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New French Recruits
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A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
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Women and the War Effort
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Financing the War
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For Recruitment
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Munitions Workers
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French Women Factory Workers
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German Women Factory Workers
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Working in the Fields
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A Woman Ambulance Driver
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Red Cross Nurses
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Women in the Army Auxiliary
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Russian Women Soldiers
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Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!
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Posters: Wartime Propaganda
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Australian Poster
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American Poster
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Financing the War
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German Poster Think of Your Children!
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The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”
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A Multi-Front War
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The Western Front
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Trench Warfare
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“No Man’s Land”
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Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.
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The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
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War Is HELL !!
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Sacrifices in War
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Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
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The Eastern Front
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The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
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Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
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T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
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T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
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The Tsar with General Brusilov
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The “ Colonial ” Fronts
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Sikh British Soldiers in India
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Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]
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Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
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Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916
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America Joins the Allies
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The Sinking of the Lusitania
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The Zimmerman Telegram
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The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!
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Americans in the Trenches
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The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology
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French Renault Tank
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British Tank at Ypres
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U-Boats
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
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The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
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The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.
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Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
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Looking for the “Red Baron?”
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The Zeppelin
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Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers
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Poison Gas Machine Gun
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“ Art ” of World War I
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“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918
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“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
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“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
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“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918
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“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
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German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918
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1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
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11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!
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9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead
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The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died
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World War I Casualties
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800
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Results Central Powers: Germany: Dead-1.8 million. Wounded- 4,216,000 Austria-Hungary: Dead-1.2 million. Wounded- 3,620,000 Ottoman Empire: dead- 325,000 wounded- 400,000
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Results Allied Powers: Russia: dead- 1.7milllion wounded-4,950,000 France: dead-1.39 Million wounded- 4,266,000 Britain: dead- 908,000 wounded- 2,090,000 Italy: dead- 650,000 wounded- 947,000 U.S. Dead-116,000 wounded- 234,000
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Results “the war to end all wars” “to make the world safe for democracy” the war destroyed homes and lives newly formed nations: Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Turkey (former Ottoman Empire)
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Causes of WWI (Copy) National Rivalries: Industrialization and Imperialism created competitive relationships in the race for balance of power Militarism: New Technologies encouraged nations to develop and stockpile more and more weapons Alliances to keep the balance of power – nations teamed up for/or against one another
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Causes (copy) Assassination: of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria – kick started the alliances – began WWI (the spark of the war)
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Type of Warfare (copy) Trench: Soldiers fought, lived and died in ditches, called trenches, on two fronts Eastern Front – Russia, Western Front- France New Technologies: New weapons (machine gun, grenades, flame thrower, tank, poison gas) were very effective against old style strategies
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Art (copy) Propaganda: organized information meant to sway public opinion on a certain issue All Quiet of the Western Front: a novel about life for soldiers during WWI. Put down the glory of war
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Results (copy) Treaty of Versailles 1) ended WWI 2) led to WWII Severely punished Germany: Land was taken away in Europe and Africa Had to pay compensation for the damage caused by WWI Military was reduced to defense purposes only Had to accept the blame for WWI
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League of Nations(copy) Organization of nations created to keep peace in the world- turned out to be very ineffective
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New Map of Europe (copy) Larger nations (that lost in WWI) were broken up into smaller nations
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