2.  Longest in the world – 4,160 miles  6 great cataracts  Annual flooding for farming  Year-round farming through irrigation

3.  Climate allowed diverse crops  Deposits of building materials – granite, limestone  Deserts and seas provide protection from invasion

4.  Old  Middle  New

5.  2700 to 2200 B.C.  Great Sphinx  Largest pyramids  Upper and lower classes developed

6. mummification  Old Kingdom Egyptians started the tradition of mummification  At first, only reserved for royalty and the wealthy  The process lasted 40 days  Involved removing organs to help remove water from the body  Spices and salts were used to dry the body  The preserved body was wrapped in linen and placed in a sarcophagus (stone coffin)  The body was placed in its tomb with the deceased worldly possessions.

8.  2050 to 1780 B.C.  Golden Age of Egypt  The new kings made many improvements:  Expanded the kingdom into parts of Syria  Cleared more land for agriculture  Constructed more irrigation systems

9.  But the dynasty will only be short lived  Noble wanted power—causing a civil war Hyksos  The civil war allowed an outside group to take over Egypt—the Hyksos  The Hyksos were able to conquer the Egyptians because they had better weapons—made of bronze  Hyksos ruled Egypt for 110 years

10.  1570 to 1080 B.C.  Centered around Thebes  Pharaohs had absolute power

11.  Began with Ramses II, 1279 to 1213 B.B  Invaded by Assyrians, Nubians, Persians  Egyptian rule came to an end in 300 B.C.

13.  Build about 80 pyramids along the west bank of the Nile  The Great Pyramid at Giza in 2600 B.C.

14.  Invented a calendar based on the moon  Numbering system based on 10  Geometry  Medicine

15.  Cat, bull, crocodile, scarab beetle  Amon, or Amon-Re, the creator, identified with the sun

16.  Led to mumification

17.  Farming – lowly peasants worked to provide for the pharaoh  Trade was controlled by the government  Caravans went into western Asia and south into Africa  Developed sea trade along the Mediterranean Sea

20.  1798  Hieroglyphics  Egyptian  Greek