1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic vs. Inorganic  Organic compounds  Contain carbon  Covalent bonds  Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water)

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant compound  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent properties  Chemical reactivity  Cushioning

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to body functions  Are electrolytes which conduct electrical charge

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to body functions  Are electrolytes which conduct electrical charge Know these ions: PhosphatePO 4 -3 CarbonateCO 3 -2 NitrateNO 3 -1

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dissociation of a Salt in Water Figure 2.11

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Release hydrogen ions (H + )  Are proton donors  Bases  Release hydroxide ions (OH – )  Are proton acceptors  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12 pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars, starch, cellulose  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides—simple sugars  Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars, starch, cellulose  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides—simple sugars  Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars “One” “Two” “Many”

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.13a–b Disaccharides PLAY

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Polysaccharides PLAY Figure 2.13c

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.14

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Monomer  Dimer,Polymer  Name ends in…  General Formula  Functions

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  MonomerSugar  Dimer,PolymerDisaccharide, Polysaccharide  Name ends in…-ose  General Formula(CH 2 O) x  Functionsenergy storage

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and (very little) oxygen  Insoluble in water

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids PLAY Common Lipids  Fats (triglycerides)  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes  Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15a

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15b

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.15c Lipids  Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Monomer  Dimer,Polymer  Name ends in…  General Formula  Functions

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  MonomerFatty acid, glycerol  Dimer,PolymerDiglyceride, Triglyceride (max.)  Name ends in…-yl acid, -ol, -one  General Formula(CH 2 ) x --very little O  Functionsenergy storage, insulation

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Figure 2.16

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provide for construction materials for body tissues  Play a vital role in cell function  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Amino acid structure  Contain an amine group (-NH 2 )  Contain an acid group (-COOH)  Vary only by R groups

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17a Proteins  Structural proteins  Examples include collagen and keratin

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17b Proteins  Enzymes  Can be denatured  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a Enzymes  Lock and Key Hypothesis

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes Figure 2.18b Chemistry of Life ® Enzymes Animation PLAY

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Monomer  Dimer,Polymer  Name ends in…  General Formula  Functions

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  MonomerAmino acid  Dimer,PolymerDipeptide, polypeptide  Name ends in…-in, –en, -ine, or -ase  General Formulacontains CHONS  Functionsstructural or enzymes

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Store (DNA) and use (RNA) genetic information  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil Figure 2.19a

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Instructions for making proteins Figure 2.19c

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA  Double stranded —binds to another DNA  Base pairing rules A=T C≡G Figure 2.19c ACCAGGTAGCG Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA  Double stranded —binds to another DNA  Base pairing rules A=T C≡G Figure 2.19c ACCAGGTAGCG Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases Sugar-phosphate backbone CGCTACCTGGT Hydrogen bonds

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RNA  Single Stranded —binds to DNA or itself  Base pairing rules A=U C≡G Figure 2.19c ACCAGGUAGCG Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RNADNA  Alike  Both nucleic acids  Sugar-phosphate backbone  CHONP  Help make proteins  Different  Single vs Double stranded  Uracil instead of Thymine  Uses genetic infoStores & copies genetic to make proteininfo Figure 2.19c

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.20a

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Monomer  Dimer,Polymer  Name ends in…  General Formula  Functions

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  MonomerNucleotide  Dimer,PolymerDinucleotide, polynucleotide  Name ends in…(Learn them all: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil)  General Formulacontains CHONP  FunctionsStores (DNA) and uses (RNA) genetic information for proteins