1. Genetics and Genetic Engineering

2. terms
agar- porous gelatin like material used as a support matrix for living cells in artificial environments

3. centrifuge
device for separating substances on the basis of density

4. clones
organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic makeup derived from a single source

5. complementary
containing structures that match or bond with related structures

6. electrophoresis
technique used to separate migrating molecules in an electrical field

7. Excise
to remove a part by a process similar to cutting

8. Expression
the appearance of a trait directed by a gene

9. Genetic code
a series of three nucleotide bases that determine the amino acid order and the proteins formed in cell reproduction

10. Genetic Engineering
technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule

11. Genetics
science dealing with passage of traits from one generation to another

12. Host
a cell or organism that harbors another organism or DNA from a foreign source

13. Hybrid
offspring or cell originating from parents with differing genetic makeup

14. Ligase
enzyme used to join two pieces of DNA

15. Molecular weight
sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

16. Mutation
a heritable change in genetic makeup

17. Nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

18. Plasmid
a small, usually circular, piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA

19. Polymerase
an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleic acid

20. Recombinant DNA
DNA that has been altered by genetic engineering

21. Restriction enzyme restriction endonuclease
enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sites

22. sequence
order of nucleotides or amino acids

23. template
a pattern used for developing a complementary structure

24. trait
a characteristic resulting from gene expression

25. transform
to change the genetic makeup of an organism by alteration of the DNA

26. vector
an agent such as a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a host cell

27. Living material
Organism - unit of living matter capable of independent function and reproduction

28. Complex Organism higher organism
an organism with cells, tissues, and organs arranged to function as a single unit
ex. Plants, animals, humans

29. Organ
arrangement of tissues which provides life support function for an organism
leaf is an organ that carries out respiration, transpiration and ps.

30. Tissue
arrangement of cells with similar structures in clusters or sheets for specific function in an organ

31. Cell
smallest structural unit of living matter that is capable of carrying out basic life processes

32. Basic Cell structures
cell wall - protective layer in plants that keeps the cell intact

33. cell membrane
delicate structure that surrounds the cell

34. chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis in plant cells
contain some DNA

35. Cytoplasm
cell fluid containing all cell structures

36. Nucleus
control center of a cell
contains most of the DNA

37. Chromosomes structures that are physical carriers of genes
made p of DNA
are located in cell nucleus

38. Mitochondria energy producing structures in the cell cytoplasm
contain some DNA

39. Plasmid
extra chromosomal piece of DNA
located in the cell cytoplasm

40. Ribosome site where new proteins are produced
result of genetic expression

41. Cell reproduction mitosis - occurs in body (somatic) cells
increases by simple division
chromosomes remain paired during cell division

42. meiosis
occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

43. meiosis
increases by division into single chromosomes and recombination of male and female cells to form a new individual

44. meiosis one chromosome from each parent forms the new pair
each organism has a specific number of paired chromosomes

45. Genetic engineering
technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule

46. Genetic engineering
movement of a gene from one organism to another

47. Other names recombinant DNA technology recombinant DNA science
gene transfer
gene splicing gene cloning

48. Naturally occurring
alternations in the genetic makeup of plants and animals allow them to respond to changes in their environment

49. Naturally occurring
some bacteria and viruses change the function of cells by inserting their DNA into the DNA of the cell

50. Naturally occurring
natural selection ensures that the adapted individual leaves offspring for the next generation

51. Scientific Gen eng.
Scientists have developed the ability to transfer genetic material from one organism to another

52. Scientific Gen eng.
Plasmids found in some organisms can be engineered to accept DNA from other sources

53. Scientific Gen eng.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sites
cut ends of plasmid rings can accept pieces of DNA from other organisms

54. Scientific Gen eng.
The ability to cut and splice DNA segments is providing many opportunities for changing the function of organisms