1. Genetics

2. Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics” Augustinian Monk at Brno Monastery in Austria (now Czech Republic) Not a great teacher but well trained in math, statistics, probability, physics, and interested in plants and heredity. While assigned to teach, he was also assigned to tend the gardens and grow vegetables for the monks to eat. Mountains with short, cool growing season meant pea (Pisum sativum) was an ideal crop plant.

3. Gregor Mendel’s Work Starting in 1856 Mendel studied peas which he grew in a garden out side the Abbey he lived in. Showed that the traits he studied behaved in a precise mathematical way and disproved the theory of "blended inheritance.” Mendel’s work was rediscovered in 1900 by three botanists: –Carl Correns (Germany) –Erich von Tschermak (Austria) –Hugo de Vries (Holland)

4. Why Peas? Mendel used peas to study inheritance because: –True breeding commercial strains were available –Peas are easy to grow –Peas have many easy to observe traits including:

5. Consistency is Good

6. Gene Expression Each form of the particular gene is an allele. Alleles can be either 1.Dominant – always show trait - T 2.Recessive – only see if dominant trait absent – t In order to see the trait expressed, 2 alleles must be paired together (one from mom and one from dad) T t+ Tt

7. Gene Expression Genes come in pairs that separate during the formation of gametes (meiosis). The members of these pairs can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous).

8. Practice: Take out the Applying Genetics Terminology paper and complete. You have 2 minutes.

9. Gene Expression When two alleles are paired we can express them by their phenotype or genotype. –Phenotype – physical characteristics Ex. Tall, Short, Dark, Round, Wrinkled –Genotype – the allele combination or genes Ex. AA, Aa, aa, Dd, Rr, rr, tt

10. Using terminology:

11. Results of Mendel’s monohybrid parental cross: “Mendel’s Principle of Dominance” F 1 offspring of a monohybrid cross of true-breeding strains resemble only one of the parents. Why? Smooth seeds (allele S) are completely dominant to wrinkled seeds (allele s).

12. Smooth P Wrinkledx F1 All Smooth Phenotype Example of Mendel’s Work Clearly Smooth is Inherited… What happened to wrinkled? F1 x F1 = F2 F2 3 / 4 Smooth 1 / 4 wrinkled wrinkled is not missing…just masked as “recessive” in diploid state 1.Smooth is dominant to wrinkled 2.Use S/s rather than W/w for symbolic logic SSss Ss Genotype Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive Heterozygous wrinkled ss Smooth Ss s Smooth Ss Smooth SS S sS Punnett Square: possible gametes NEVER use S/W or s/w

13. Unknown SmoothWrinkledx Mendel as a Scientist ss Smooth Ss Smooth Ss S Smooth Ss Smooth Ss S ss possible gametes F1 x F1 = F2 F2 wrinkled ss Smooth Ss s Smooth Ss Smooth SS S sS Punnett Square: possible gametes Test Cross: If Unknown is SS: Wrinkled ss Wrinkled ss s Smooth Ss Smooth Ss S ss possible gametes If Unknown is Ss: Test Progeny All Smooth Test Progeny Half Smooth Half wrinkled

14. “Mendel’s Principle of Segregation”: Recessive characters masked in the F 1 progeny of two true-breeding strains, reappear in a specific proportion of the F 2 progeny. Two members of a gene pair segregate (separate) from each other during the formation of gametes. Segregation

15. Monohybrid Crosses Yielded Consistent Results Therefore, the Principle of Segregation indeed is a general principle of genetics.

16. Probability and Genetics

17. Equation for probability NUMBER OF THINGS YOU ARE LOOKING FOR PROBABILITY = ----------------------------------- TOTAL NUMBER OF THINGS

18. I have quarter in my pocket. What is the probability that I get heads when flipped? Answer: ½ You have a total of 2 sides and 1 of them is heads.

19. I have 3 pennies and 5 nickels in my pocket. If I pull out one coin what is the probability that I get a nickel? Answer: 5/8 You have a total of 8 coins and 5 of them are nickels.

20. Chi-Square Analysis – determine how close your data is to the known probability of occurrence If I tossed a coin 100 times, how many heads would you expect to get? Tails? 50 each What if you didn’t get 50: 50? How would you know if the numbers you got were good enough?

21. Chi-Square Lets look at the chance of flipping heads or tails Add this column for X 2 N (degree of freedom) = # of options – 1 X 2 = 1.96 N = 2 - 1 N = 1 OptionsObserved (o)Expected (e) o – e (d) d2d2 d 2 /e Heads4350 43-50 = -7 49/50 =.98 Tails5750 57-50 = 7 7 2 = 49 49/50 =.98 7 2 = 49

22. N = 1 X 2 = 1.96 Chi-Square cont. What do I do with these numbers? Once the Chi-square and N values are computed, look on the chart. Degrees of Freedom Probability Values (P) (N).95.90.80.70.50.30.20.10.05.01 1.004.016.064.148.4551.071.642.713.846.64 2.103.211.446.7131.392.413.224.615.999.21 3.352.5841.001.422.373.664.646.257.8211.34 If the probability (P) given in the table is high, it is very likely that this would occur by chance, and we have a good “fit”. If P is low, we conclude that it is not likely that the deviation observed would occur by chance alone. N value look here X 2 values are in the shaded region P = about 17%

23. Activity: Probability and Chi-Squares With a partner, get 2 pennies ( or any coin). Toss your coins 100 times. Make sure you record on the chart how many HH, HT and TT you got. Using Chi-Square analysis, how “fit was your data?

25. What is the probability of each landing on heads or tails? Heads 1/2 Tails 1/2 Heads 1/2 Tails 1/2 HH 1/4 HT 1/4 TT 1/4 HT 1/4 Phenotype:1/4 Heads/Heads: 1/2 Heads/Tails: 1/4 Tails/Tails Punnett Squares work in the same manner

26. Alleles: T = tall t = short Phenotype: Genotype: Tt What are the possible gametes produced by these parents? Tt t T ½ or 25% short ¾ or 75% Tall ¼ or 25% TT 2/4 or 50% Tt Tall Short TTTt tt ¼ or 25% tt

27. Exercise: Punnett Squares Do numbers 1, 2 and 3 – make sure to include phenotype and genotype ratios Get each problem checked by me before you move to the next Practicing Monohybrid Punnett Squares

28. Lab – Corn Genetics With a partner, go to the back of the room and complete the lab. You will need your chi-square chart.