1. Sequence Diagrams

2. UML sequence diagrams
sequence diagram: an "interaction diagram" that models a single scenario executing in the system
perhaps 2nd most used UML diagram (behind class diagram)
relation of UML diagrams to other exercises:
use cases -> sequence diagrams

3. Key parts of a sequence diag.
participant: an object or entity that acts in the sequence diagram
sequence diagram starts with an unattached "found message" arrow
message: communication between participant objects
the axes in a sequence diagram:
horizontal: which object/participant is acting
vertical: time (down -> forward in time)

4. Sequence diag. from use case

5. Representing objects
squares with object type, optionally preceded by object name and colon
write object's name if it clarifies the diagram
object's "life line" represented by dashed vert. line

6. Messages between objects
message (method call) indicated by horizontal arrow to other object
write message name and arguments above arrow
dashed arrow back indicates return
different arrowheads for normal / concurrent (asynchronous) methods

7. Lifetime of objects creation: arrow with 'new' written above it
notice that an object created after the start of the scenario appears lower than the others
deletion: an X at bottom of object's lifeline
Java doesn't explicitly delete objects; they fall out of scope and are garbage-collected

8. Indicating method calls
activation: thick box over object's life line; drawn when object's method is on the stack
either that object is running its code, or it is on the stack waiting for another object's method to finish
nest to indicate recursion
Activation
Nesting

9. Indicating selection and loops
frame: box around part of a sequence diagram to indicate selection or loop
if -> (opt) [condition]
if/else -> (alt) [condition], separated by horiz. dashed line
loop -> (loop) [condition or items to loop over] [
balance
<> ]
opt
<
100 . 00
> =
alt
loop

10. linking sequence diagrams
if one sequence diagram is too large or refers to another diagram, indicate it with either:
an unfinished arrow and comment
a "ref" frame that names the other diagram
when would this occur in our system?

11. Example sequence diagram

12. (De)centralized system control
What can you say about the control flow of each of the following systems?
centralized?
distributed?

13. Flawed sequence diagram 1
What's wrong with this sequence diagram? (Look at the UML syntax and the viability of the scenario.)

14. Flawed sequence diagram 2
What's wrong with this sequence diagram?

15. Flawed sequence diagram 3
What's wrong with this sequence diagram?
:Computer
:PrintServer
:Printer
:Queue
print(file)
[if printer free] print(file)
[else] enqueue(file)

16. Why not just code it?
Sequence diagrams can be somewhat close to the code level. So why not just code up that algorithm rather than drawing it as a sequence diagram?
a good sequence diagram is still a bit above the level of the real code (not EVERY line of code is drawn on diagram)
sequence diagrams are language-agnostic (can be implemented in many different languages
non-coders can do sequence diagrams
easier to do sequence diagrams as a team
can see many objects/classes at a time on same page (visual bandwidth)

17. Sequence diagram exercise 1
Let's do a sequence diagram for the following casual use case, Start New Poker Round :
The scenario begins when the player chooses to start a new round in the UI. The UI asks whether any new players want to join the round; if so, the new players are added using the UI. All players' hands are emptied into the deck, which is then shuffled. The player left of the dealer supplies an ante bet of the proper amount. Next each player is dealt a hand of two cards from the deck in a round-robin fashion; one card to each player, then the second card. If the player left of the dealer doesn't have enough money to ante, he/she is removed from the game, and the next player supplies the ante. If that player also cannot afford the ante, this cycle continues until such a player is found or all players are removed.

18. Sequence diagram exercise 2
Let's do a sequence diagram for the following casual use case, Add Calendar Appointment :
The scenario begins when the user chooses to add a new appointment in the UI. The UI notices which part of the calendar is active and pops up an Add Appointment window for that date and time. The user enters the necessary information about the appointment's name, location, start and end times. The UI will prevent the user from entering an appointment that has invalid information, such as an empty name or negative duration. The calendar records the new appointment in the user's list of appointments. Any reminder selected by the user is added to the list of reminders. If the user already has an appointment at that time, the user is shown a warning message and asked to choose an available time or replace the previous appointment. If the user enters an appointment with the same name and duration as an existing group meeting, the calendar asks the user whether he/she intended to join that group meeting instead. If so, the user is added to that group meeting's list of participants.

19. Data Flow Diagrams

20. Where do they fit in? Life Cycle Phases Planning Feasibility Study
Analysis
Design
Code and Unit test
Analysis (What do we do?)
Fact finding
investigate business process and the current system
modelling the current and required systems
deliverables -
requirements specification
logical models of the required system

21. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
DFDs describe the flow of data or information into and out of a system
what does the system do to the data?
A DFD is a graphic representation of the flow of data or information through a system
Use example of borrow library book here to illustrate the different components.
Student is external passes in request (book and student details) into validate student process output valid student request into reserve book process. Two data stores, students and loans. Output back to student is book;
Case study - Just A Line system 3
BCS - GP1 3

22. 4 Main Elements
external entity - people or organisations that send data into the system or receive data from the system
process - models what happens to the data i.e. transforms incoming data into outgoing data
data store - represents permanent data that is used by the system
data flow - models the actual flow of the data between the other elements

23. Notation Data Flow Process External Entity Data Store Data Flow
Process box
External
Entity D
Data Store

24. Levelled DFDs
Even a small system could have many processes and data flows and DFD could be large and messy
use levelled DFDs - view system at different levels of detail
one overview and many progressively greater detailed views
sides of context process box = system boundary
Example context diagram for library, inputs= book request, book return and output = book; external entity = student.
Go through the case study - context Fig 3.4 pg 32; level 1- Fig 3.5 pg 32 level 2 - Fig 3.6 pg 33 4
BCS - GP1 4

25. Level 0 - Context Diagram
models system as one process box which represents scope of the system
identifies external entities and related inputs and outputs
Additional notation - system box

26. Level 1 - overview diagram
gives overview of full system
identifies major processes and data flows between them
identifies data stores that are used by the major processes
boundary of level 1 is the context diagram

27. Level 2 - detailed diagram
level 1 process is expanded into more detail
each process in level 1 is decomposed to show its constituent processes
boundary of level 2 is the level 1 process

28. Other Notation Duplicates marked by diagonal line in corner
System Boundary
Elementary Processes - star in corner
Process that is levelled - dots on top

29. Rules for DFDs Numbering Labelling Balancing
Balancing - Give example of Level 1 with 3 processes, 1,2,3 and inputs between them. In level 2 add in extra flow and leave out one of the flows. Also at level 2 introduce new flows that are internal to level 2 to show that that is OK
e.g. for combining dataflows - use level 1 diagram with customer inputting deposit to accept booking process and cutomer inputting balance to issue ticket process. Context diagram then has one input flow of payment = deposit +balance. 5
BCS - GP1 5

30. Numbering On level 1 processes are numbered 1,2,3…
On level 2 processes are numbered x.1, x.2, x.3… where x is the number of the parent level 1 process
Number is used to uniquely identify process not to represent any order of processing
Data store numbers usually D1, D2, D3...

31. Labelling
Process label - short description of what the process does, e.G. Price order
Data flow label - noun representing the data flowing through it e.G. Customer payment
Data store label - describes the type of data stored
Make labels as meaningful as possible

32. Balancing and data stores
any data flows entering or leaving a parent level must by equivalent to those on the child level
Data stores
data stores that are local to a process need not be included until the process is expanded

33. Data Flows
Allowed to combine several data flows from lower level diagrams at a higher level under one data flow to reduce clutter
Flows should be labelled except when data to or from a data store consists of all items in the data store

34. Joe’s Yard
Joe’s builders’ suppliers has a shop and a yard. His system is entirely manual. He has a stock list on the wall of his shop, complete with prices. When a builder wants to buy supplies, he goes into the shop and picks the stock items from the list. He writes his order on a duplicate docket and pays Joe, who stamps the docket as paid. The builder takes the duplicate docket and he goes to the yard and hands it to the yard foreman. The yard foreman gets the ordered items from the yard and gives them to the builder. The builder signs the duplicate docket and leaves one copy with the foreman and takes one copy as a receipt. Every week, Joe looks around the yard to see if any of his stock is running low. He rings up the relevant suppliers and reorders stock. He records the order in his order book, which is kept in the yard. The yard foreman takes delivery of the new stock and checks it against what has been ordered. He pays for it on delivery and staples the receipt into the order book. At the end of every month, Joe goes through all the dockets and the order book and produces a financial report for the shareholders.
Draw a context level DFD and a level-1 DFD for this system.

35. Context Diagram Find the people who send data into the system
Often data is part of a PHYSICAL transaction
When handing a bar of chocolate to a shopkeeper, you are handing him/her a barcode.
Find the people who get data out of the system.
The only data you need is data that is transformed or sent completely out of the system – not data that is handled by an operator within the system.

36. Joe’s Yard
Joe’s builders’ suppliers has a shop and a yard. His system is entirely manual. He has a stock list on the wall of his shop, complete with prices. When a builder wants to buy supplies, he goes into the shop and picks the stock items from the list. He writes his order on a duplicate docket and pays Joe, who stamps the docket as paid. The builder takes the duplicate docket and he goes to the yard and hands it to the yard foreman. The yard foreman gets the ordered items from the yard and gives them to the builder. The builder signs the duplicate docket and leaves one copy with the foreman and takes one copy as a receipt. Every week, Joe looks around the yard to see if any of his stock is running low. He rings up the relevant suppliers and reorders stock. He records the order in his order book, which is kept in the yard. The yard foreman takes delivery of the new stock and checks it against what has been ordered. He pays for it on delivery and staples the receipt into the order book. At the end of every month, Joe goes through all the dockets and the order book and produces a financial report for the shareholders.
Draw a context level DFD and a level-1 DFD for this system.

37. Context diagram

38. Level-1 DFD processes
Joe’s builders’ suppliers has a shop and a yard. His system is entirely manual. He has a stock list on the wall of his shop, complete with prices. When a builder wants to buy supplies, he goes into the shop and picks the stock items from the list. He writes his order on a duplicate docket and pays Joe, who stamps the docket as paid. The builder takes the duplicate docket and he goes to the yard and hands it to the yard foreman. The yard foreman gets the ordered items from the yard and gives them to the builder. The builder signs the duplicate docket and leaves one copy with the foreman and takes one copy as a receipt. Every week, Joe looks around the yard to see if any of his stock is running low. He rings up the relevant suppliers and reorders stock. He records the order in his order book, which is kept in the yard. The yard foreman takes delivery of the new stock and checks it against what has been ordered. He pays for it on delivery and staples the receipt into the order book. At the end of every month, Joe goes through all the dockets and the order book and produces a financial report for the shareholders.
Verbs:
Passive: has
Buy supplies
Picks stock items
Writes orders
Pays joe
Stamps docket
Takes docket to yard
Hands it to foreman
Gets items
Gives them to builder
Builder signs docket
Takes copy as receipt
Looks around yard and reorders
Records order in order book
Foreman takes delivery – checks
Foreman pays supplier
Staples receipt to order book
Produces financial report

39. Verbs from script Has (passive) Buy supplies Picks stock items
Writes order
Pays joe
Stamps docket
Takes docket to yard
Hands it to foreman
Gets items
Gives them to builder
Builder signs docket
Takes copy as receipt
Looks around yard and reorders
Records order in order book
Foreman takes delivery – checks
Foreman pays supplier
Staples receipt to order book
Produces financial report

40. Remove passive verbs and queries
Joe then
Looks around yard and reorders
Records order in order book
Foreman
takes delivery – checks
Foreman pays supplier
Staples receipt to order book
Joe
Produces financial report
Passive: has stock list
Buy supplies
Picks stock items (views list)
Writes orders
Pays joe
Stamps docket
Customer then
Takes docket to yard
Hands it to foreman
Gets items
Gives them to builder
Builder signs docket
Takes copy as receipt

41. Level 1 current physical

42. Buy Supplies

43. Get Items

44. Reorder supplies

45. Restock