1. The origins of attachment theory and recent studies

2. John Bowlby (1907-1990) Cambridge University: Medical training Third grade: Developmental psychology After graduation: Experiences with 24 maladjusted children (two of them)

3. John Bowlby (1907-1990) After voluntary service: British Psychoanalytic training & London Child Guidance Clinic: Systematic study of 44 Juvenile thieves Maternal separation and loss Theory building After World War II: Tavistock Clinic (1945-1972): Maternal separation & loss and children ’ s personality Theory building Research team(1948): Robertson: (observations of young children Shortly separated from mother: detachment ) Ainsworth et al. Mary Ainsworth(1913- )

4. Theory building John BowlbyJohn Bowlby Attachment Theory: Attachment: characteristics Development: development Internal working model (AAI) Question 1: 1.Psychoanalytic Theory: inner libido Feeding early experiences 2.Learning theory: feeding drive reduction (Introduced by Huxley) 3.Ethological Perspectives: Lorenz et al. (imprinting) Harlow (contact comfort) Evolution, Survival Survival function 4.General system Theory: Goal directed system attachment behavioral System system 5.Cognitive developmental theory: Representations Internal working model 6.Own observations And studies

5. Mary Ainsworth(1913- ) Theory buildingTheory building PhD. Training(1936-1939) with Blatz in Canada: security theory Secure base Moves to London(1950): Tavistock clinic Uganda research(1953/1954): Observations of interactions & interviews of 28 pairs of mother-Child (9 months) Attachment patterns: Secure, insecure, Unattached Factors influencing attachment patterns Baltimore research(1962): Home observations 1963/1964:15 Pairs 1966/671966/67: 11 pairs more Strange situation Attachment patterns The quality of attachment Main Mary Main Question 2

6. early experiences  affectional bond With parents  attachment theory departs from theories of object relations is that maintenance of relations not because of ego instincts rather than survival. Theory building

7. Survival function  Attachment represents the infant ’ s chief mechanism for ensuring survival and continually active.  This continual monitoring cannot always be conscious.  The formation of an attachment to a specified individual signals a qualitative change in infant behavioral organization. Theory building

8. attachment behavioral system 1. Maintenance of proximity 2. Behavioral patterns having the predictable outcome of increasing proximity between infant and caregiver are instinctively guided but environmentally influenced control system next page

9. 3. Attachment behaviors is to be activated, modulated, and terminated by changes originating in the internal or external environment (threaten separation, actual separation, and reunion), and these changes are held responsible for the strongest emotions. Theory building

10. The development of attachment  Phase of undiscriminating social response (1-2 months)  Phase of discriminating sociability (2- 7 months)  Attachment: proximity-seeking phase (7-24 months)  Phase of goal-corrected partnership (24 months--) Theory building

11. Internal working model  individual differences in attachment organization move to the level of representation  Representations of self, others, and the relationship Theory building

12. Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)  Structured, hour long, semiclinical interview  Ss are asked for five adjectives to describe their relationship to each parent during childhood and are then asked for memories that support each adjective.

13.  Ss are asked whether they felt closer to one parent and why;  whether they had ever felt rejected;  whether parents had been threatening or abusive;  why parents may have behaved as they did;  and how these experiences may have affected the development of their personality.  Ss are also asked about any major loss experiences.

14. Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) QualityBe truthful and have evidence for what you say quantityBe succinct, yet complete relationBe relevant, or perspicacious mannerBe clear and orderly Theory building

15. Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) Qualityquantityrelationmanner Autonomous (F) Dismissing (D)highly positive description Excessively succinct Internal contradiction Preoccupied (E) Excessively long Providing discussions of recent interactions Use of psychologica l jargon, nonsense word, childlike speech, Unresolved (U) memories triggered by the discussion of traumatic Theory building

16. Question 1:  Attachment and relationship?  Attachment : behavior and internal working model? attachment and relationships

17. Strange situation 1.mother, baby and observer 2.mother, baby 3.stranger, mother, baby 4.stranger, baby 5.mother, baby 6.baby 7.stranger, baby 8.mother, baby Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth

18. Question 2  Strange situation 測量什麼？  Attachment patterns and strange situation 之間的關係 The quality of attachment

19. Ainsworth: The quality of attachment Questions and discussionsQuestions and discussions Secure(B)Avoidant (A)Ambivalent/preoccupied (C) A1:highly A2:moderate (C1): Angry (C2): Passive Exploration while mother aside (secure base) Actively explore Explore without affect Seek mother then proximity with angry expression Fretful return to mother frequently Sit by mother, incompetent to approach separationdistressNo distressGreat distress Respond to stranger Can ’ t console by the stranger No distressAngry toward the stranger Fearful reunionhappyNo responseambivalent Mother-child interaction Sensitive and responsive rejectionUnpredictable, discourage of autonomy, insensitive, highly invested in mothering Ainsworth

20. Mary Main: disorganized/disoriented attachment (D)  Sequential display of contradictory behavior patterns (strong attachment behavior and then avoidant)  Simultaneous display of contradictory behavior patterns  Undirected (strike parent ’ s face), misdirected(greeting stranger while reunion with parent), incomplete, and interrupted movements and expressions (crying loudly while stranger leave-taking)  Stereotypies, asymmetrical movements, mistimed movements, and anomalous postures (rocking, ear- pulling)

21.  Freezing stilling, and slowed movements and expressions  Direct indicators of apprehension regarding the parent (fear of the parent)  Direct indicators of disorganization or disorientation  Interaction: infant has been alarmed by the parent (frightening or frightened parental behavior: parental dissociated experience of loss)  Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth

22. characteristics of attachment  1.proximity seeking  2.secure base effect  3.separation protest  4. elicitation by threat  5.specificity of attachment figure  6.inaccessibility to conscious control  7.persistence  8.insensitivity to experience with the attachment figure attachment

23. attachment and relationships (1) affectional bonds are not synonymous with relationships relationshipsAffectional bonds dyadic Individual Internal representation Time for maintenance Long-lived or fleetingLong-lasting interactions Total history of their interactions Some components are relevant, some are not, for example, caregiving not playing with the child is relevant to attachment provisions

24. (2) provisions for various relationships Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth relationshipprovisions attachmentsecurity Social networkShared interpretation of experience caregivingBeing needed and giving nurturance Colleagues, families for some peopleA sense of worth kinalliance Otherguidance

25. attachment Bowlby: separation and deprivation Ainsworth: secure base maintain proximity, distress upon inexplicable separation, pleasure or joy upon reunion, and grief at loss Security Exploration, separation and reunion Theory building

26. Questions and discussions  Are there attachments during adult life?  What are the similarities and differences between childhood attachment and adulthood attachment?

27. Terms  Attachment  Attachment behavior  Attachment patterns for : Infant and children Adult  Strange situation  Adult attachment interview  Internal working model  Representation

28. What is the relationships among the above terms?

29. See you next week