1. 1.From your perspective, what are your relative’s predominant behaviours, emotions, and cognitions? 2.Which ones interfere with his/her life the most? 3. Which ones are most problematic for you? NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20151

2. Family Education There are two key aspects to family psychoeducation: 1)dissemination of information on the particular diagnosis : 2) teaching of coping skills. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20152

3. Important Considerations Over 250 manifestations of the disorder Medication is not helpful for BPD (but can be helpful for anxiety, depression) Co morbidity rates are very high BPD affects at least 2% of population some think higher BPD is very highly represented in outpatient statistics 75% of women are diagnosed with BPD, it is suspected that men are less likely to be diagnosed 75% self injure 10% suicide Treatment works NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20153

4. BPD Funding and Resources (USA) BPDSchizophrenia Research papers 1980- 2002 2,04626,265 NIMH Research Funding $6M$300M NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20154

5. Treatment Settings for Borderline Personality Disorder 1.Inpatient treatment 2. Outpatient treatment 3.Partial hospitalization /Day hospital..\National Guidelines bpd.pdf NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20155

6. Types of Treatment In addition to the treatment setting, there are also different kinds of treatment. These include: 1. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) >20 controlled studies (all +) 2. Psychodynamic (TFT) treatment – 2 controlled studies, one +, one – 3. Schema-Focused Therapy – 1 controlled study (+) 4. Mentalization (UK) – 3 controlled studies (+) 5. Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) – 1 controlled study (added on to other treatments) In Victoria we also have: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Cognitive Analytical Therapy NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20156

7. Co-occurring Problems and Disorders ▲ Major Depressive Disorder ▲ Dysthymia ▲ Eating Disorders (anorexia/bulimia) ▲ Substance Abuse ▲ Bipolar I & 11 Disorder ▲ Antisocial PD ▲ Narcissistic PD NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20157

8. Expressed Emotion Study Higher emotional involvement predicted better clinical outcomes. This means that the more emotionally involved the key relatives were, the better the patient fared (fewer hospitalizations). (Hooley & Hoffman, 1999) A goal of Family Connections is to teach how to be emotionally involved effectively. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20158

9. Finding a Balance: Taking care of others and taking care of ourselves Family Member Well-being Families who have a relative with BPD report higher levels of burden, depression, and grief than do family members who have a relative with schizophrenia. (Hoffman et al., 2004) How might we understand this? What are the sources of stress and burden? NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 20159

10. Stressors Three most extreme stressors for mental health providers: 1. Patient suicide attempts 2. Patient threats of suicide 3. Patient anger (Hellman, 1986) NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201510

11. Etiology 1. People with BPD are thought to be born with emotional vulnerability. That is, they may get emotionally dysregulated easily. 2. There are factors in the environment that interact with and intensify this emotion vulnerability. (Fruzzetti, Shenk, & Hoffman, 2005) NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201511

12. 1. High emotional sensitivity a. Immediate reactions- React quickly b. Low threshold for emotional reaction- React sooner ▪ The person is highly sensitive to emotional stimuli. ▪ They react quickly and notice emotional things that others don’t notice ▪ Big emotional events hurt more ▪ Typically, it takes fewer stimuli for them to feel emotions than another person. It’s like an open wound on your hand: It feels the intensity of heat more than the rest of the hand. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201512

13. 2. High emotional reactivity a.Extreme reactions- More intense b. High arousal dysregulates cognitive processing- Thinking and problem-solving are impaired. c. The magnitude of the response to the emotional stimuli is higher than that which other people experience. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201513

14. 3. Slow return to baseline a.Long-lasting reactions - Longer time to recuperate b. Contributes to high sensitivity to next emotional stimulus, and leaves the person more vulnerable to the next emotional event. It takes a longer period of time for the person’s emotional state to return to a more centered place. This creates a fertile ground for the next upset to occur. It’s like trying to walk on a broken leg before it heals; it’s more apt to break again. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201514

15. ▪Environmental Factors ▪ 40-71% of BPD patients report having been sexually abused, usually by a non-caregiver. ▪ Experiencing a loss or abandonment as a child (perceived or actual) ▪ Poorness of fit – difficulty - between the child and one or more of their environments. The child experiencing one of these environments as invalidating. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201515

16. How is an Environment Invalidating? ▪ De-legitimizes one’s experiences, especially private ones (emotions, wants, and desires, thoughts, beliefs, sensations). ▪ Invalidates those experiences, ESPECIALLY when they are quite discrepant from other people’s experiences. ▪ Does not accept or appreciate differences. ▪ Tries to change or control ▪ Ignores or doesn’t pay attention. ▪ Is critical or judgmental. ▪ Does not communicate acceptance and caring, even if that acceptance and caring exists. ▪ Hinders problem solving, problem management, and coping. List 2-3 invalidating AND validating environments your family member experienced growing up. NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201516

17. Stigma In general, there is stigma about families of persons with mental illness. However, there also seems to be “surplus stigma” around BPD in part because of the issues of abuse. What is the stigma with this disorder? What stigma have you or your family member encountered? NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201517

18. Practice Exercises 1. What was your relative like when he/she was a child? a. What adjectives best describe his/her temperament? (one word) b. What was he/she like to “soothe”? (one sentence) 2. What is your relative like now? a. What adjectives best describe his/her temperament? (one word) b. What is he/she like to “soothe”? (one sentence) Cont… NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201518

19. Practice Exercises 3. Bring in two examples of your own emotional reactivity patterns tracking each of the following: a. High reactivity b. High intensity c. Slow return to baseline 4. Think about your relative now in terms of emotional reactivity patterns: a. High reactivity b. High intensity c. Slow return to baseline 5. What environmental factors do you think were present for your relative when he/she was growing up? (one sentence) NEA BPD Aust: Barb Mullen, July 201519