1. Chapter 20 The Kingdom PROTISTA

2. What is a Protist?? “first organism”
Classified for “what they are NOT”
NOT a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote
Eukaryotes ?
Have membrane bound organelles
Most are unicellular BUT some are multicellular

3. Evolution of Protists Kingdom= Protista
Where did the first protists come from??
Margulis created a hypothesis
Evolved from a symbiosis of several cells
Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes
ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS

4. How do we classify Protists??
The way they obtain energy
Heterotrophs= “Animal-like Protists”
Photoautotrophs= “Plant-like Protists”
External Digestion (decomposer or parasites)= “Fungus-like Protists”
This classification does NOT represent their Evolutionary History

5. Animal Like Protists PHYLUMS
Classified by the way they MOVE
Zoomastigina
Sarcodines
Ciliophora
Sporozoa

6. Phylum Zoomastigna “zooflagellates” Animal-like Swim using _______?
Absorb food through their CELL MEMBRANES
decaying organic mater
Live in lakes & streams or w/in other organisms
Reproduce Assexually (mitosis or cytokinesis)
Some reproduce Sexually (forming gamete cells)
Ie/ Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness

7. Phylum Sarcodina “Sarcodines” Best example= AMOEBA
Move using temporary projections= Pseudopods
Moves by extending a pseudopod away from its body
Th cytoplasm then streams into the psuedopod and the rest of the cell follows= AMOEBOID MOVEMENT
Pseudopods are also used for eating
Surround their food with their pseudopod and form food vacuoles
Food Vacuole= small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food.
Other ie/ Foraminiferans (calcium carbonate shells)
Heliozoans (spiky projections, “sun animal”)

9. Foraminiferans Heliozoan

10. Phylum Ciliophora “Ciliates” Move using ________?
Found in both fresh and salt water
Free living- do not exist as a parasite
ie/ Paramecium

11. Anatomy of Paramecium
Trichocysts= small structures use for defense, located on the inside of the cell membrane.
2 types of Nuclei:
1. Macronucleus= contains most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence.
Respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion
2. Micronucleus=”reserve copy” of genes
Used during reproduction
Gullet=indentation is which food is swept into
Anal Pore= eliminates waste materials
Conjugation= 2 paramecium attach and exchange genetic information.

13. Phylum Sporozoa Sporozoans Do not move on their own Parasitic
Complex life cycles with more than 1 Host
Sporozoites- Attach to a host cell, penetrate it & live within it
Ie/ Plasmodium
Carried by female Anopheles mosquito causes Malaria

14. Animal-like Protists & Disease
MALARIA
Infected mosquito bites a human
Saliva contains sporozoites which enter the blood stream
Plasmodium infect liver cells and then red blood cells
Red Blood Cells burst they release Plasmodium into the blood stream
Fever, chills
Must control the mosquitoes that carry Malaria

15. Animal-like Protists & Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
Caused by????
Spreads by tsetse flies
Trypanosomes destroy red blood cells and infect tissues
Fever, chills and rashes
Nerve cells
Amebic Dysentery
Caused by ???
Entamoeba
Live in intestines and absorb food from the host
Attack the walls of the intestine

16. Animal-like Protists & Disease
Live symbiotically within other organisms
Trichonympha- (zooflagellate) live within the digestive track of termites
Recycle nutrients
Serve as food for larger animals

17. 1. SARCODINES - protozoan with pseudopods example: Ameba
PSEUDOPODS- "FALSE FOOT"  - a temporary bulge of the cell membrane that fills with cytoplasm.  the organism can move and use the pseudopods to trap food
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE- ( water pump) a structure that collects the extra water and then expels it from the cell
Answer to QUIZ:

18. Ameba Movement

19. Ameba preying on Paramecium

20. Ameba Waste Disposal

21.                                                                                                                                                                                       
PART
LABEL
FUNCTION A
endoplasm
it houses all the cells organelles B
ectoplasm
since in  a gel state it protects the cell C
contractile vacuole
it expels excess water from the cell D
pseudopodium
plays a role in locomotion and food capture E
cell membrane
controls movement of substances into and out of the cell F
food vacuole
digests engulfed food G
nucleus
controls activities of the cell

22. 2) CILIATES - protists with cilia             example: paramecium
CILIA - hair-like projections from cells that move in a wavelike pattern                             used to move obtain food and sense the environment
Micronucleus - small nucleus that control reproduction
Macronucleus - larger nucleus that controls every day tasks of the cell
BINARY FISSION - a type of asexual reproduction organism divides
CONJUGATION - sexual reproduction the paramecia join and exchange genetic material.

23. Paramecium Movement

24. Different Types of Ciliates

25. http://www. micrographia. com/specbiol/protis/cili/cili0100/parmov01

26. digest food and takes around cell MACRONUCLEUS controls reproduction
FOOD VACUOLE
 digest food and takes around cell
MACRONUCLEUS
controls reproduction
PELLICLE
gives shape
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
pumps water out of cell
CILIA
hair like structures that move back and forth
MICRONUCLEUS
GULLET
opening collects food like a mouth
TRICHOCYSTS
stinging cells that paralyze prey
ANAL PORE
opening to remove wastes

27. FLAGELLA - long whip like structures used to help movement
3. ZOOFLAGELLATES - use flagella to move  most have 1-8 long whip-like structures
FLAGELLA - long whip like structures used to help movement
symbiosis - a close relationship where at least one of the species benefits
mutualism - both partners benefit from living together
Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness
4. SPOROZOANS - all are parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids of their host               
example : PLASMODIUM causes malaria  has two host a mosquito and a person causes high fevers that alternate with severe chills, symptoms can last weeks and reappear a few months later

28. Phylum Movement Characteristics Nutrition Zoom-astigina Sarcodina
Reproduction
Free Living/ Symbiont
Example
Zoom-astigina
Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Sporozoa

29. Plant Like Protists PHYLUMS
Typically called “Algae”
7 major Phyla of algae classified for their cellular characteristics
Unicellular vs Multicellular
Unicellular
Euglenophyta
Chrysophyta
Bacillariophyta (DIATOMS)
Pyrrophyta (DINOFLAGELLATES)

30. Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments
Chlorophyll and Accessory pigments capture light
Groups of algae adapted different forms of chlorophyl
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b & chlorophyll c
Absorb different wavelengths of light
Good bc now algae can use more energy of sunlight.
Accessory pigments absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll.

31. Phylum Euglenophyta “Euglenophytes”
Closely related to animal-like flagellates ??
2 flagella
Emerge from the gullet
Longer one spins and pulls the organism rapidly through the water
No cell wall
Ie/ Euglenas

32. Structure of Euglena Live in lakes & ponds
Eyespot= cluster of red pigment, helps to find sunlight
Can live as heterotrophs.
Absorb nutrients from decaying matter
Do NOT have cell walls but they have a…
PELLICLE= intricate cell wall
Ribbon like ridges supported by microtubules
Tough and flexible
Reproduce assexually

34. Euglena

35. Phylum Bacillariophyta
Phylum Chrysophyta
Chrysophytes
“golden plants”
Yellow green algae & golden-brown
Chloroplast= bright yellow pigment
Some have cell walls with PECTIN
Unlike others whose cell walls contain ????
Phylum Bacillariophyta
******“DIATOMS”
Most abundant and beautiful organisms
Thin, delicate cell walls rich in Silicon

36. Diatoms http://www.indiana.edu/~diatom/diatom.html

37. Phylum Pyrrophyta *****“Dinoflagellates” Flagella
½ are photosynthetic & other ½ are heterotrophic
Asexual reproduction
“fire plants”
Luminescent
give off light when agitated in water

38.
Dinoflagellates

39. Euglena & Dinoflagellates

40. Ecology of Unicellular ALGAE
Common in both fresh and salt water
Food for organisms
Phytoplankton= photosynthetic portion of the plankton located on the surface of the ocean
Carries out about ½ of the photosynthesis that occurs on Earth
“Red Tide”- bloom of dinoflagellates
Produce toxins and become concentrated in filter-feeders

41. REVIEW: What do chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments do in Algae?
What are the 4 Phyla of unicellular plant-like protists?
How do most unicellular Algae get food?
What is the role of unicellular algae in the environment?
Allow algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight
Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
Use energy from sunlight to produce food.
They are at the base of aquatic food chains- make up phytoplankton

42. Multicellular Algae Red, Brown and Green Algae Most are Multicellular
They differ in their photosynthetic pigments
People use Algae and the chemicals produced by Algae in different ways:
Chemicals= treat stomach ulcers, High blood pressure, and arthritis
Have you ever eaten Algae???
Used to make plastic, deodorant, and agar

43. Multicellular Algae
Red Algae= chlorophyll a and reddish accessory pigments
Can live at great depths bc they absorb blue wavelngths
Green, purple &reddish-black
Coral ecosystems
Brown Algae=
Chlorophyll a & c & brown accessory pigments
Largest and most complex
Green Algae=
Chlorophyll a & b
Share many characteristics with plants

44. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophic
Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
Some cause plant disease
Lack Chitin walls
Slime Molds (play the key role in recycling organic matter)
Cellular & Acellular
Water Molds (thrive on dead/decaying organic matter in water).